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{\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033\level1 heading 1;}
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\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Nelson Goodman }{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'93}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 When is Art?}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'94}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 1906-1998\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Ran an art gallery in the 1930s in Boston.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 1941 completed }{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Phd}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 .\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 (1906-1998) was a professor of philosophy at Harvard University.  Worked in epistemology and philosophy of science, as well as aesthetics.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\i\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Languages of Art}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1   1968\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\i\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Ways of }{\i\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Worldmaking}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1  1978 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 When is Art?\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Can you just put in the symbols?\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Are symbols just extrinsic to the work?\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 When we think of symbolic work we think of Bosch, Goya, Unicorn tapestries, Dali\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Next slide, }{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'93}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Temptation of St. Anthony}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'94}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1  by }{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Heronymous}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1  Bosch  1500  Central Panel\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs20 Francisco Goya, }{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs20 \'93}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs20 Fight with Cudgels}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs20 \'94}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs20  1823\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 We classify works as symbolic if they have symbols for their subject matter, or they are depicting symbols.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 So portraits, still-}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 lifes}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1  and landscapes count as non-symbolic.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 But when we classify the non-symbolic we limit ourselves to things without subjects, like abstract art, or buildings.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 To represent is to symbolize.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 So representational works are symbolic according to one way of talking, and not according to another.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Many contemporary artists and critics want to isolate the work from whatever it symbolizes.  [He is probably thinking of Bell and his followers, especially Clement Greenberg in visual art, and Monroe Beardsley in literature.]\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Next slide Morris Louis, }{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'93}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Dalet}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1  }{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Kaf}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 ,}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'94}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1  1959.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 They [the purists or formalists] advocate the view that what a picture symbolizes is external to it as a work of art. \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 And that we should concentrate on the intrinsic not the extrinsic.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 The idea that pure art avoids all external reference seems like sound thinking.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 But there is a dilemma.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 All right and all wrong!\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 If we accept this formalist or purist view we think that the content of Bosch}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'92}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 s or }{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Goya}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'92}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 s}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28  work is irrelevant, which would seem wrong.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 We should recognize the purist position as all right and all wrong.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Another wrong part: what a thing symbolizes is not always external to it.  \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Goodman then gives four examples of words or phrases that apply to themselves, like }{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'93}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 having seven syllables.}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'94}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 So, what some symbols symbolize does not lie entirely outside the symbols.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Does any work that represents nothing meet the purist demand?  No.  Some of Bosch}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'92}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 s paintings of monsters represent nothing for there are no such monsters anywhere but in such pictures.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs16 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs16\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs24 To say a picture represents a unicorn is to say only that it is a unicorn-picture, not that there are any unicorns. (The Unicorn Tapestry, South }{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs24 Netherlandish}{\b\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs24 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs24 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Let}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'92}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 s agree however that such pictures are representational in character and so not pure, although this would require modification of the purist claim.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Also, an abstract work that represents nothing may express and so symbolize a feeling or idea.  \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 The purist is forced to reject abstract expressionist [like the next image Franz Kline, }{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'93}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Painting #2,}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'94}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28  1954] as well as representational works.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 A pure work of art would neither represent nor express.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Granted the work only has its own properties.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 However, all the properties any work has are the properties of that work.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Helen Frankenthaler,\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'93}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Canal}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'94}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28  1963\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Is there external vs. internal?\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 It might then be claimed that a nonrepresentational non-expressive work has no external properties.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 But any picture has both external and internal properties:  getting rid of representation and expression does not get rid of external properties.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 The distinction itself is muddled.  A color or shape is internal but it may be shared by other objects and hence relates the object to other objects having the same colors or shapes.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Formalism\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Some use the word }{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'93}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 formal}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'94}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1  instead, but the term cannot mean shape alone:  it must include color [as Bell observed vs. Kant]\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Which properties are formal?  What about texture, size and material? What is the principle involved in separating properties?\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Samples\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 An ordinary swatch of textile in a sample book samples texture, color, weave.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Two stories:\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s3\li585\fi-225\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs28\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-7{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Mary }{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Tricias}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1  wanted material just like the sample and got several hundred small pieces.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s3\li585\fi-225\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs28\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-7{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 She then wanted cupcakes just like the sample cupcake and got one huge cake.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s3\li585\fi-225\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs28\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs16 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs16\pnscheme-7{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs24 Moral:  a sample is the sample of some of its properties but not others. \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s3\li585\fi-225\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs28\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs16 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs16\pnscheme-7{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs24 The cupcake sample was a sample of color, shape, AND size, but not of }{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs24 \'93}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs24 baked on this day.}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs24 \'94}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs24 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Which of its properties the sample is a sample of differs from case to case.  For example, one could use an upholsterer}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'92}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 s sample as a sample of an upholsterer}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'92}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 s sample, and then size and shape}{\i\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1  would}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1  be relevant.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 A sample exemplifies some of its properties.  \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Friendship is similar:  my friends are not distinguished by one property or one cluster of properties but only by standing for a period of time in the friendship relationship to me.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 The properties that count in a purist painting are those that the picture not only possesses but exemplifies.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 The picture makes them manifest, exhibits them and heightens them in our consciousness. [relate to Danto}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'92}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 s }{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'93}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 is}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'94}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 ]\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 So even a purist}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'92}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 s purest painting symbolizes in that it exemplifies certain properties, and to exemplify is to symbolize:  exemplification is a kind of reference.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\b\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs18 Robert Ryman, Untitled (1958)\line 10.125 inches square, enamel on linen. Collection SFMOMA.\line \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'93}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 A work of art }{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'85}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 free of representation and expression, is still a symbol even though what it symbolizes be not things or people or feelings but certain patterns of shape, color, texture that it shows forth.}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'94}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28   245\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Agreed:  what is extraneous is extraneous, and what a picture represents often matters little.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 But representation and expression are not the only symbolic functions of paintings.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 There are no works without symbols.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 This is not to condemn purist art, but to attack the usual manifestos advocating it.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Recognition of the symbolic function even of purist painting gives us a clue to the problem of when we have a work of art.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1  The literature of aesthetics has many desperate attempts to answer }{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'93}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 What is art?}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'94}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1   \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Based on Problem Cases!\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'93}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 found art}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'94}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28  [think of Duchamp}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'92}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 s }{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'93}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Fountain}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'94}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 ]\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Consider a stone picked up in a driveway and exhibited in a museum. \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033\li270\fi-270 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs32\ppscheme16777216 Is a smashed automobile fender in an art gallery a work of art?.\line }{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs24 John Chamberlain, S 1959\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs13 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs13\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs20 What of digging and filling in of a hole in Central Park.  }{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs20 Claes}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs20  }{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs20 Oldenberg}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs20 ?\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs13 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs13\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs20 \'93}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs20 October 1, 1967, gravediggers hired by }{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs20 Claes}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs20  Oldenburg worked from 10:30 a.m. until 12:30 p.m. to create a 6-foot-wide by 3-foot-deep hole in Central Park behind the Metropolitan Museum of Art. After a lunch break, the work which he named "Placid Civic Monument" was refilled and smoothed over. "The Hole", details the making of this work.}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs20 \'94}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs20   Wikipedia\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Vs. Danto and }{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Dickie}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Then are all stones in the driveway works of art?\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 What distinguishes what is a work of art from what is not?\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Is it that an artist calls it a work of art or that it is exhibited in a museum? [he is thinking of Danto and }{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Dickie}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28  here.]  Not convincing.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 A thing may function as a work of art at one time and not at another.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Just by virtue of functioning as a symbol in a certain way does an object become, while so functioning, a work of art.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 A stone may do so when on display in an art museum, where it exemplifies certain properties of shape, color, texture.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 A Rembrandt painting may cease to function as a work of art when used as a blanket.  [Danto}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'92}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 s }{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Testadura}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28  case?]\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 To function as a symbol is not in itself to function as a work of art, for example the swatch of cloth, or the stone in the geology museum.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 What symbolizing constitutes functioning as a work of art?  Tentative thought.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Five Symptoms of the Aesthetic\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Syntactic density.  Finest differences distinguishing symbols.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Semantic density.  Finest differences [within] as in ordinary English.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Relative }{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 repleteness}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 .  Comparatively many aspects of a symbol are significant.  Next image: Hokusai }{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'93}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 The Great Wave off Kanagawa}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'94}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28  1820\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Exemplification, literal or metaphorical\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Multiple and complex reference.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 They provide no definition [of art or the aesthetic]:  they are clues.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 To be a definition might call on redrawing the boundaries of art.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 They tend to focus on the symbol rather than what it refers to:  we cannot just look through the symbol to what it refers to, unlike a traffic light.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 This emphasizes the }{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 nontransparency}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1  of a work of art, the primacy of the work over what it refers to.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 The answer to }{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'93}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 when is art?}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'94}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1  is in terms of symbolic function.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Possibility that he is overstating his case:  the Rembrandt remains a work of art while functioning as a blanket.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 But [if so] what an art does is more important than what it is.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 A work of art may symbolize different things at different times.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 How an object functions as a work explains how it may contribute to a vision of, and to the making of, a world.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Languages of Art\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 People say a good picture is pretty or at a higher level beautiful, although some are ugly, which would mean }{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'93}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 beautiful}{\shad\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'94}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28  cannot define aesthetic merit.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Problems with satisfaction as the criterion of aesthetic merit:  cannot be identified with pleasure or a special aesthetic feeling [vs. Bell] maybe aesthetically satisfactory.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 What makes a work satisfactory?\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Being satisfactory is relative to function and purpose.  A good furnace, a good scientific theory.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Art works serve one or more referential functions:  representation, description, exemplification, and/or expression.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 What purpose does such symbolization serve?\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Three Inadequate Answers\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 It helps develop our abilities to cope:  a gymnasium workout equipping us for survival, and it channels surplus energy.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Symbolization is an irrepressible propensity of man:  men symbolize.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Communication as the purpose of symbolizing.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Correct Answer\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 What all three miss is that the drive is curiosity and the aim is enlightenment.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\plain\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 Use of symbols beyond immediate need is for the sake of understanding:  the primary purpose is cognition in and for itself, and the other purposes depend on this.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\shad\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1 What a }{\hich\af1\loch\f1 Manet}{\hich\af1\loch\f1  or a Monet does to our perception of the world afterwards is as relevant to their evaluation as direct confrontation with the work. \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1 Aesthetic experience is not insular!\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1 Next image:  Claude Monet }{\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'93}{\hich\af1\loch\f1 Water }{\hich\af1\loch\f1 Lillies}{\loch\af1\hich\f1 \'94}{\hich\af1\loch\f1  1916.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1 Theme and variation in art is also explained by its role in cognition.  \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1 Abstraction and elaboration, for example, are processes of constructive search.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1 Delicacy of discrimination is too.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1 Devaluing Aesthetic Value\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Excessive concentration on the question of excellence has distorted aesthetic inquiry.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 To say a work of art is good does not provide much information about it.  It doesn}{\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'92}{\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 t tell us, for example, whether it is evocative or robust.  \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Works of art are not race-horses.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Judgments of aesthetic value are often, rather, means towards discovering particular characteristics of works.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 A connoisseur telling me that one of two Cycladic idols that seem almost indistinguishable is much finer inspires me to find differences between them.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1 Estimates of excellence are among the }{\i\hich\af1\loch\f1 minor }{\hich\af1\loch\f1 aids to insight. \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1 Art and Understanding\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Aesthetic experience is cognitive experience distinguished by dominance of certain symbolic characteristics and judged by cognitive usefulness.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Some may argue that in science, unlike art, the ultimate test is truth.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 But truth matters little in science:  there are tons of them.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Even if true, scientific hypotheses are worthless without having scope and specificity and without raising or answering significant questions.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1 And the noblest scientific laws are seldom quite true:  science sometimes even denies its data.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1 Also given the assembled evidence, there are often several alternative hypotheses that fit. \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1 We judge between them by simplicity and strength, not truth.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs40 Is truth still a consideration of science and not of art?   \line \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Truth of a hypothesis is a matter of fit with a body of theory, and between theory and the data at hand.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 Theory is adjusted to facts and facts to theory, with the aim of comfort and look.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 This is also relevant to the art:  both truth and [beauty] are a matter of appropriateness.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 although we reserve terms like }{\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'93}{\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 true}{\loch\af1\hich\f1\fs28 \'94}{\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28  for symbols in the form of sentences.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs18 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs18\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1\fs28 There is no big gap between science and the aesthetic.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s1\qc\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs44\ppscheme-3\lang1033 {\hich\af1\loch\f1 \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1 But the distinction between art and science is not obliterated.  \par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1 Rather, the affinities are deeper than supposed.\par 
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\s2\li270\fi-270\loch\af1\hich\af1\fs32\ppscheme-1\lang1033 {\pntext\pard\hich\af1\loch\f2\fs21 n\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnfs21\pnscheme-6{\pntxtb n}}{\hich\af1\loch\f1 The difference is not between feeling and fact, truth and beauty, or a number of other things.\par 
}
}