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".O@'C]'((d^E˜]{a63% wܣm"j {E\Cs${*}vT֧>ָ^uweNwuwqjhVS%UvÅ_(d&~7YSn_V.hW}עZ!)~ž'Rb-^KN;^Ш&9&?@{0t;PK!|Tdrs/downrev.xmlDQO0M5MitdRA m.mixǓs|IoZq  AJxYckd|{3\#9*Cr)}YA?q 1Jj7|LiPcG(yX 4vYJW?NvZ^P_ZAf)5z>Sl9>PK!1Midrs/_rels/shapexml.xml.relsJ0;,PѦݨPЅRLpi{Ar;؂1$%g vל%a%0>=^pGi4!$HnHjD ]>ܠs `b *>6___PPT9  Logical Fallacies 6 " 2 ,* I}OPM___PPT10i.0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK!31uBdrs/shapexml.xmlW]n6~/;|-v'N( @ˆǀh[5E$y;=ZOoH?[l"Z0!gH7uJZwmΤNMy?>ܝ\rЙPF˄oo~컒av2 ~҅,{gJ[J+^xTVݾh"[դ[ey^Ǚ)+xKtje?Q& ”Si &֚i 6jJ (Nxsսuk(E; 67ע?6G_~>sd,qWJԯ\vyL9*FoX ySpߐC)JGzR*O–H,kLA@FΓSeil7fGK9?±8MB S D3 ?'Ps$,1<с,H1ҷv03 H"] 0+|E \SVb٦'`ܓϭ(I f.l ;>yK7i=ܧ;QjCn: kH it' ^L#DE`,"/oy pO>NP3X4*W רuTlLRZaIJ)V  WYSʩj3 +PI!&˕ gQyFT[%ױ"!Rr6C[hEĦ"@SFnHN"VWA3gA vV#]"k:v/?DI)^0Խ`ƯQ7?zזd \o6osqQ"^ dۆ4|4lB F wCb5 )9}sDZ8H?&4u!/N44Ԃ -=iI[nѹo<6_j b9@r,z܂M~MB~TM0+Mla  8Dd{^M8vvSCaIN~z9y<#v@H41$5o|V-GUJ7`iaE౑, dH>a.bnuHY&l%GlypGLdAɫGȳkyD)m rFJ]#YEu YaAL}Wp홶H $ 3L{*x m '>=LAoAo ?oWoy mM\PK!yYKdrs/downrev.xmlDN1&CsIIF2RAN/O۸9N٢;5ƣ (_Xh$v֐ XW3,= Q1DM< i #ȤngƘW\z<'$֤ۣnZ*վǻ~,R_zqq[۽\}+7"y/&SPK-!Zf[Content_Types].xmlPK-!1_a /_rels/.relsPK-!31uB*drs/shapexml.xmlPK-!yYKdrs/downrev.xmlPK  ` * You should understand that a logical fallacy is an argument that contains a mistake of reasoning. 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Dogs are cats. Cats are felines. So dogs are felines. Whether a statement is relevant to another usually depends on the context in which the statement is made. A) All dogs have five legs. B) Rover is a dog. So C) Rover has five legs. A is positively relevant to C only because of B~c 6 j z c6fB!Jf0 } I}OPM___PPT10i.AY+D=' = @B +"C  J B 4* (  4  4  xP0e0e?Rectangle 2 `}  * TNegative Relevance    4  ~P0e0e?Rectangle 3"ÕPK!Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPK!1_a _rels/.relsj0 ѽqCNo^K [ILcX&m߾0XFo;>0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK!r.*Edrs/shapexml.xmlXn6;Y;FcmcaYXPeH;Cߠ'GR`EKR !9+rmr%#zK Js-%22$ywwȔ][[:y'Ur Zt,z)57\ZfQ!:nS\1eЮ|.4S /)<+|a slL- 7¤=A9T?jT5vӚԸa6Jd)x~o z70`A?=vwb|s#Z3%OA{4D,߇u=t1%>Ȫ*V&LADmӜZ@HTQ2;2qsZ6q %qML;E-׬䞁m:PyL TVeyM90vipWmkWt^]`ރEl r#zp0B JR=x\[l. SNT`Oɘ\μdMY‰gdXeΖ]xG<{ɋlYƁcنךn$jj\M~yj6gP}3 ':gm"{#iʹ/G?r:eq 6>3u6<`EˋK$6M)DsyOH)ҷ(pcL'ߍ"wYZ̷Ma3, XY.D0bS7w݅s,C,n,uDbQB[x/wvĽ8H9-=Ccvm'VsYrmGKrY $!1`e;&At^pl4>h ) .!I (Ns@ PgHxQjJo|&pR&zq &g(&л}/7s .<|s3impN @= 8ptC+@C}x.|OƐ?y)PK!#f0drs/downrev.xmlDN0HHܨ h u EBq7N #۴߳լifvbO!)2*[gS1yG a1?=amiKF4)jb`x`debxV U_olWrUˍ Yay "ѐׯ{mQsKߌAGhc)PK-!Zf[Content_Types].xmlPK-!1_a /_rels/.relsPK-!r.*E*drs/shapexml.xmlPK-!#f0drs/downrev.xmlPK ` * UA statement is negatively relevant to another if it counts against that statement. Marty is a high- school senior. So Marty likely has a Ph.D. Althea is two years old. So Althea probably goes to college.\S y fyf  I}OPM___PPT10i.ρY+D=' = @B +" 8(  8! 8  xP0e0e?Rectangle 2 `}  * ULogical Irrelevance  @ 8  ~P0e0e?Rectangle 3"y s PK!Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPK!1_a _rels/.relsj0 ѽqCNo^K [ILcX&m߾0XFo;>0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK!,& F"drs/shapexml.xmlXn6;Y;Ib# 0,z hUSJRӾCߠ'78AQ\gR0:I |{}tƙBgB-j*cU—WNǥKY TRC[ G{ߩtR{Q:nSB ,jfi~Z,+29ӢĶ72J>4zDIWqFg2+3?6?Zr=ɉa)Ehv/o>hF=BbmZ/9(g[8zxB~0Y hFN$D]~si-Y/ 4"_Xc9{9vJp͇ gv_ؗ躼2*d C bvxD~UJ6Ve"lh#铙/E%XO'uRГڛh1C$R}elme}uCv>I&$E@L:CM&m@qV, :ES}iWh? &Y(o݈aBE2:&1 \Rւw׸K]p{54&ou*kJM?m%sLl!ZBRX'MS`X3a:~# 1F"of! 1_@gUEi~-"&HV¥>;%!4*xbePha߭JٶT7|3c>Ri@(H AHو``HI·}h99iR Ѳw.7]!Ffe8$dĉ'_(-gA_+Nq4ZVΆqVZ{N+^6k i(,ٶh jSVW<5Xڜ*8[RUQVtAEymR/qYR(ԀJV:+a=w]$TzFRQ酐2&8-E6uM_rC6^לyPѭvI)[{:zQ ]r$khW#>϶Kž ws ^|j@TwSp?#wn'F}ȏQ>h9/;$zG&xؐ]#BN7ޛi9 p:Ү³PFfˬx4>BE>a ) #6]_\%L#L(Wp<>'TvkLy ,^`td`eE~dءreXDa x=J8jEowǽ(2J`*ۯtpU`G9:돬D6 'DGtzon}OBۆaxefwz hPK!adrs/downrev.xmlDj0C84)(6) {csl5II2m~yyϷ\war^Y#`2N)TU|@#az,1jt9E9 Chs}YF?-i tQ>M'QPcKۚʟv/ϛl^l Y?B<X.ܟ4?elII֟􁜀k#PK-!Zf[Content_Types].xmlPK-!1_a /_rels/.relsPK-!,& F"*drs/shapexml.xmlPK-!ab drs/downrev.xmlPKh  `  * 9A statement is logically irrelevant to another statement if it counts neither for nor against that statement. The earth revolves around the sun. Therefore, marijuana should be legalized. Last night I dreamed that the Yankees will win the pennant. Therefore, the Yankees will win the pennant. Exercise 5.1, p. 121n    f#f3  : I}OPM___PPT10i.TR+D=' = @B +" <(  <$ <  x``U0e0e?Rectangle 2` `Q  * XFallacies of Relevance  8 <  ~aU0e0e?Rectangle 3"N H PK!Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPK!1_a _rels/.relsj0 ѽqCNo^K [ILcX&m߾0XFo;>0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK!Uo:drs/shapexml.xmlZn6;Y;mY$0FE-QTIqrw$;͢h\ 73t~SJZMw P0aqq$&Ͼۊj,ƭMB[MUaraR:UB%gJP)VdxiE &n`ݤUӅ.|Luzgkf0~`)ǘS_.187F/,Ƽ-WVj 7FΨ_tzZMnr|v:>wzm`0D8}8 򄥠AhNkm.t@xBA_/XVyLؽᐱ}ōHYA^9_O:ݖnZZz='}\`mҡF eTͫв*cn*FEt>W:R.-T0yQ7 Qn`WY_-sLf:ILR>j^(r E2`rm) D~Z;}yZs߅C*'ft!fJ1I$M{Jgckaa=\9)!O: AW.VlcSJ{DSsSpH*\e!nִ ,zπ:rږ]qA9w(oEP d5I:8Dž;bz$QpMq.R! N 1 -ţW Y;m3u˶tRp @V2!Z'/ t bߥyPr̗=[ȕ;3QuAcK'8 5Cw>kf_2ˎ]󡢭Jɏ3GϾ׋.hP:Rhqv9##>ۀV8d֘*Ʈ[-CBhvJp7$_{):yÒU%'[yi W(E/#wǍ%B g똙b|24 @  xbU0e0e?Rectangle 2 `  * rPersonal Attack (Ad Hominem)(  f  @  ~cU0e0e?Rectangle 3"3 - PK!Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPK!1_a _rels/.relsj0 ѽqCNo^K [ILcX&m߾0XFo;>0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK!6ظ(drs/shapexml.xmlZn6}/ Zd_cqi g Zb5O )rܠ.v5ùCM.Zi5#&TL̢YU¥Vb ?bj NYrv:6^w T;4M0 DGg*:Pj(憠r=7,K ˰?GL^BHQ ]8񭭄O&1+ܓ)RS085F߭O,1o UATXA,&7Vv~|IMNSN]OƱ,ǰIʂhm>z/5\p/h;ác{ɍUA`ٝo G=4LlRTid 1,r[̡B (bC*uכO@t.b :2wz*8itU!"IfF/˹E}x&yZW^)r 19\ Ȉ%"CeBپꃹHr V`OBA0*$A,A"ǎ9d ǬpC8NSu6 |uYIsJ^~-/Te𒄯` >"Ė&Xٝ^@k {3JC" JKu> $k^pey)%f zEy3HG6ҟpDh#NrF^ B7zge?B0IkN@A\ 8:! "Jp Bh/wnOty%'ݶO]͟~3z)W< |2kx[mtVÑ v+a*?1?1vݘHN0u!+p(H퀄r^5./qwBnao>, m lm .B]~㦍۽Y?\NA@ Jӫ14堉'F T$E&3vZ^hs{H5Wnv0D++(\oC_eP=E֔ !>. ي_jsS*3IU.( z(434FfgFfbL5IC{)߻?&&PK!<{bCdrs/downrev.xmlDN0HHܨQVQo@lGiҷWO3_qV(Atj"D[gI,gs̴X ؐ:.25 #בew`WR{YnZy$iPcGݏQMwxV ^_[oU=in+>e rqPK-!Zf[Content_Types].xmlPK-!1_a /_rels/.relsPK-!6ظ(*drs/shapexml.xmlPK-!<{bCdrs/downrev.xmlPK" `  n *JB___PPT9$ Rejects someone s argument or claim by attacking the person rather than the person s argument or claim. a) X is a bad person. b) Therefore, X s argument must be bad. Example: Hugh Hefner, founder of playboy magazine, has argued against censorship of pornography. But Hefner is an immature, self-indulgent millionaire who never outgrew the adolescent fantasies of his youth. His argument, therefore, is worthless. Hugh Hefner is a bad person. Therefore, Hugh Hefner s argument must be bad. h PC " P  PJ " PhCff3Af  I}OPM___PPT10i.0^R+D=' = @B +"4 ;3D(  D> D  xdU0e0e?Rectangle 2 `  * rPersonal Attack (Ad Hominem)(  f   D  ~fU0e0e?Rectangle 3" PK!Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPK!1_a _rels/.relsj0 ѽqCNo^K [ILcX&m߾0XFo;>0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK!]r)drs/shapexml.xmlXn6?Y;Fcm#0,I"Ur-~I)q=9lZ Dj̛73r?n \hs&T\-"arvřuRZoo~ڒa2Kae(~ХPe05ViʑAlu~\lrf([ S^]r" )Xz NV1^cLj)+8S8MяKAqn+UToK:ޠ\4=ggpmnua'|vDߵy<Vdgw¤wqJC dBT"vñ D%_*udJX$6NϗT@uC]R6,o5B^$-hhXM4PER0?g; $,&:a5L+7 K H"ՈSdU*!5G›gd8&˶7ƭȎu{U1Nzݖkq5aP~8+mKQCd9"ۈw{Ӓ&l&?}f }H,O&4oΪ*B1X w)gqp"P|3 V*=#V*$>EzK2iLVW 0KAت2A*oғ\:!7Vyhp&y9O)C4d=^uD+f~B% H]Gi"qe we(ܐ.-EX8{?--F6](7)=z[a5x)]=Ft9R4{+k* jBB ў"kc2xTG*TpTߦ(kzS?gQU1(,~沿`i״=rk/PK!t,Mdrs/downrev.xmlDJ@Ea-6!v[JUU mcvDawm>g83GqV(At}rYR0Pbv'.V%6䨠˥ eMud7O,7O4X^eM(iWڇͻRWD>?7*_՛8KA^O-H^q-S3PK-!Zf[Content_Types].xmlPK-!1_a /_rels/.relsPK-!]r)*drs/shapexml.xmlPK-!t,Mdrs/downrev.xmlPK `n *JB___PPT9$ The fallacy of personal attack occurs only if 1) An arguer rejects another person s argument or claim, AND 2) The arguer attacks the person who offers the argument or claim, rather than considering the merits of that argument or claim.r.   .*33@ p I}OPM___PPT10i.AR+D=' = @B +" H(  H> H  x@eU0e0e?Rectangle 2 `  * rPersonal Attack (Ad Hominem)(  f * H  ~@hU0e0e?Rectangle 3"V P PK!Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPK!1_a _rels/.relsj0 ѽqCNo^K [ILcX&m߾0XFo;>0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK!%drs/shapexml.xmlXn6;Y۲c;FE m 0,H'}AOoHIV= [rf8D㶐l#͵G 4W4bqrGF~ᴜْAYY9Ε^&kQpABiSpyFXw0T^{UtfY. QfaX—h0ފNl2q<g8N]rֱd<@p: YpNI{;Ey9dE=+nD =Fpxc`URK''!U5È6k,ҡmƺgnJF$\Rxݕ%M>",=@-9~H<2) \ytHpKEvW˗:;E<dZsj6TfJ%0/)-E؆cYxcWBd(VK$3:M$B殪Ki>ȫjҒW sϥx979G%+^m3X0__ ]*! S XyCJy$ѧ%qRUȓv5@R饧"( WIjA*zBue"~B瞷0Zgcoar)Œ2OiG@_ !naJ,#,+'r>-OԐ=O(`t{fê5dk}eVu+r}vrS11K  Yvg_mGgBs(D&c5YB@<=.Sz+t 4Omtc\X`"Z ~gFmi-t8 q=ߢM Ԩu<Ȁj/\kf@* 0 tm~5[`N{4٬+nNVxV?;K M.ޥ?/?Oǝ8W ^p;?@ R=o0+ RBD2)J;Gġ.;9Npy{ygV(Hxę[um(rĨ*Ii^"V(Hik Lx-YQkQuԣ;'av ?-#O8&g{a6 a@x4ۨqGbԊJ/C&6%%J;7[C.e9 >=}u6ְCFɰPOPg\EH%]•V§J qF-%¶ JPkpUe|>_h~m/:hPK!#V3drs/downrev.xmlDN0HHܨRUU@@Q[,6 6mXบ|ɬ78e(A\Zp`_<_AL 0M0[:B%} \J_dЏlG:!)M+^l8.Ѣkmtq~7.YVYJ]^VU:di 2|For b_PK-!Zf[Content_Types].xmlPK-!1_a /_rels/.relsPK-!%*drs/shapexml.xmlPK-!#V3>drs/downrev.xmlPKE   * ^Not all personal attacks are fallacies!!! Millions of innocent people died in Stalin s ruthless ideological purges. Clearly Stalin was one of the most brutal dictators of the twentieth century. Ms Fibber has testified that she saw my client rob the Bank. But Ms Fibber has twice been convicted of perjury. In addition, you ve heard her own mother testify that she is a pathological liar. Therefore, you should not believe Ms. Fibber s testimony against my client. In these cases, the personal attacks are relevant to the conclusion so no fallacy is committed.n* Z Z`  Z*f^f 0 I}OPM___PPT10i.p?R+D=' = @B +"Y `XL@(  L L  xiU0e0e?Rectangle 2"éPK!Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPK!1_a _rels/.relsj0 ѽqCNo^K [ILcX&m߾0XFo;>0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK!P?drs/shapexml.xmlTMo8/@H8?Ab q1X5E$Hʭ7Ajf8o|Һ_~r&0e_rbƙKRF˜㷋Oܴkڜool}6U6q/J''@ɠZ] ڲj̙a%وzB2bz0+`JK86YrfE4ygyJ*]Ujn?@k$Cǣx>׽c ?u1im> 䙩*尿/ǜUTKLkI`5D6KY=Ӧx ;$Z2C{5\ha֝BI*׊lOzo{2O]Ovޥ;z[*|n4~MVefw]S7[HE9Km !/ILwsaz6Ҧg;ij#-􆡇qKhCR;7䤪ê5kRIUJ0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK!Tcdrs/shapexml.xmlXn6} :vlDZ(E #0} (PFR~>sۑ&/˲=}~ỴĄܳը8p0ܰ%鯿T31ձʹ%鴳(r5ɽ+7ǽ*:ὬZճݑ!ɳ1K-'/ሳӵ_w²<4}{>m R, oh4 |>gܔ_ R&,h2^*DU\g4;79,By؃]s#"&T@uz8!4;:kIUZz RlGnۼpсuYq7W*9tXwMŨIJ/Wށ]_gyјBd-#r+m1u%78|=(r N2cl=Ȉe"aqasun=VO@|UcTآV)6 Kb³UH[sO/ 8K_F5=ru6]~5/xz6/q+Zsf ¥K^u3!VX40Os< gzad"v(_E`őPP[?*fI q $ƦGJ/}+btH%8RcI B$޶0ZmKw!R}_ RQJ_R3eѠG_]/oBStY\ NH*8L!9Ys[z-ھw!@F@ Ԓaݲ[4_팒yZߎ6h;ChMMa$XP#XrH^ jXKNRIW.BvK+o#5Լ]-׿c|rgû<`&FTafJ߿dd-R H« TZ}'3@@*T>[BX#FOq^Z βW;тlЈ5ƵYYmqOdX nU|< zRq&u-t(ŗ22@mughܼ%A.XpCS h0Rwu+\dDRzc=ouĭ1:f,DsCTθiH7zn-`.(G}YZ^ >ځ4NjeDL %mR `% }cǤUI`t׸=f68 0(1V4_cI1:5Pʠhx"+5+ۃqE#:2O7G/ D@,P>hlxўj?,_ZaPK!._drs/downrev.xmlDN@FM|͐x'[@,0vmvW(o r4L>*d k[*W)jl%W 0M1bt>RĆ T1`軖,#妑$yk 8~v{۾.ihW~OC[Ƭ6[ҧq}cp29PK-!Zf[Content_Types].xmlPK-!1_a /_rels/.relsPK-!Tc*drs/shapexml.xmlPK-!._% drs/downrev.xmlPK,   n *JB___PPT9$ An arguer criticizes a person s motivation for offering a particular argument or claim, rather than examining the worth of the argument or claim itself. a) X is biased or has questionable motives. b) X s argument or claim should be rejected. Examples: Professor Smith has argued in favor of academic tenure. But why should we even listen to him? As a tenured professor, of course he supports tenure. Senator Pork supports the stimulus package. Representing a state that will get a new bridge, of course he supports it.f t  ]f 3 f p I}OPM___PPT10i.Pj+D=' = @B +"% ,$P (  P P  xkU0e0e?Rectangle 2 `  * N BUT & .    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Given Wexler s obvious bias in the matter, his arguments should be taken with a grain of salt. This argument reflects a common sense assumption that the arguments put forward by Mr. Wexler need to be scrutinized with particular care. It is not a fallacy of attacking the motive.X  f$  I}OPM___PPT10i.Ē+D=' = @B +"% ,$T (  T T  xmU0e0e?Rectangle 2  * XLook Who s Talking (Tu Quoque /tu kwokw[/ ).-   f  -L T  ~oU0e0e?Rectangle 3" PK!Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPK!1_a _rels/.relsj0 ѽqCNo^K [ILcX&m߾0XFo;>0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK!_};drs/shapexml.xmlZN#7wbB$"R"j/3!S< }>Z߱g$J[8BslcsqKdG*.LݍO7{3Bq(LNʑ)&+3*rx!rn>PιEWuJ-P[lNtrK嬜jjW˩fYZaϱAĝ x~ "751[I4 7`Y(سX`7qu<14};VRrW|>GTK iʰa߅h\>+b`bԡⴳᳮ?<ꡣېyNNJ>W16Gi^XE^r;Q29tR{uɨI`U1[R8K3E`!Icg rbk,{\0|@Z({ppy)dD0ibl/ID)ilْcYP6¹HQkT,qlBꛕc=8 Hy s3.<$mZpmSÈG~[s@|>^OuK.A8Uo x54{dl侫q!TbZܷ7qr=_\w΍sH]B "UqIGL! 3ݮX"MRTV"y`sYkt$#\w`ý#8@^7t}7_oavmcjjWD|vJےOړ| f j/e{n٭?M]oi#mFma-O;N'zC z_oCI!`Fb232*Vke=DKFBܮ 6w+ӶK|:mq2l|근:KT OWjES{ 8ŖCxA#\0|]iBC ׁ`8ߎ<t;ro -wB76D!OoæCu4`7;Cu}!޵o?!;Rn0 ( QPE{ځmZ2ܤJ 9i.b;~إ1&]\a 8CPU…o9O$ʄ6J+AagAxkgaqH@lp^iSʳx fVTJoevK@"[EwWqnyFYx|/jD>qoX,E֖n0}2l+ O|04/+ja̚*JBWr~oʶkv n}=FpR1wjD 9V#t>@nMP٥lc^_KOw_5S{wǃ`i 7;>moPK!Rdrs/downrev.xmlDN@EM͐bd@e!5(&$~bw]qr&̗iĉ-+ą5 >)56I<,9ڞ9>"Jا MEEđ3J4.IB-+*FA;>=|myt~u[=ԅnxU:FjľX)PK-!Zf[Content_Types].xmlPK-!1_a /_rels/.relsPK-!_};*drs/shapexml.xmlPK-!Rdrs/downrev.xmlPK `  * hAn arguer rejects another person s argument or claim because that person fails to practice what he or she preaches. a) X fails to follow his or her own advice. b) Therefore, X s claim or argument should be rejected. Examples: Doctor: You should quit smoking. Patient: Look who s talking! I ll quit when you quit. Parent: I don t want you to smoke marajuana. Son: But you told me that you did when you were my age.t ZA " ZIkf 3f1f)f7f  I}OPM___PPT10i.+D=' = @B +"  X(  X X  x@nP0e0e?Rectangle 2 `}  * N BUT & .   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Patti: Well, he s right. But I wish that hypocrite would follow his own advice. Just last week I saw him watering his lawn in the middle of the afternoon. Patti is not rejecting any argument by the neighbor, so no fallacy is committed. i Z " ZR Zcff8 X I}OPM___PPT10i.ŒPݔ+D=' = @B +" 0\(  \% \  x`S0e0e?Rectangle 2 `  * YTwo Wrongs Make a Right   \  ~S0e0e?Rectangle 3" PK!Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPK!1_a _rels/.relsj0 ѽqCNo^K [ILcX&m߾0XFo;>0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK!LJ@4drs/shapexml.xmlYMn6mmq"#  m#0 fH'GId9)ڤ(&ya|Hlҹq0z7 Lsq/ )R8x`:xw'Lq6 :YwdLtTL3aFtP\XJlBVrY(q'Z`+@[8|~ sZOI{r!TPe=3Ta;p6 je)x0Dӣ0:y=&NO:fxħ't&`a8whֵ"~EeHq8q $N3/Z932}Wx7,+R=^QXZQ0m4L qQRV]sɝ ~*li²(e9VRisDUIl`K\Ӓ9kc322k%qmBk95l;5ẂyLs>zW(|8HqppP~ IYvMW;#at.>;L sPXDz)6fJ$Xt,C6F& XݲbYf^͒૩ꜫ3Z> hBC2oTNa279Gڌ'5UA:Fp> ]3jXpAgι%U0qq ąc+'_Ł[@VrZc·{ mc-#uWT3[8w2s4WbT3E.% ys#Z<,o4.29 d0\d+uESxdHsmY߃p'VvKи]e޶\Ԯuۅo' ~(75'F=!O`6ܸ_PYg ~6bwIyc goHqQ$O$`IiU]"4Y~iKoAn~-V݁LJ7zD*KUI#BZSSXHVn`2ϽBs/쩶 w=?M7AU ׆M5{}z;wEuG?'6Jkyxݗ/(O}-ҿsT=B4PQCD;L=N8wߨ!FjQ=o2PeA+ qo}(|!PhhOV]k0+BvY@[{#4-{,'ZdIHrHvҤe :b"~sSМN.X8j3Jel%2[7ʑ :3N@MԵaC1mnIZw˪Jp~C SK]РRh&u;|m;wm+&ɊqQO>Q!zcc^ ܿp.Z !?a/HL%md(Ǭ8<_ Ym\nU=JlT6Q0S^ܑYA/.QLVD=@JFO$V!cƃ$r6l:FT 1+ljM)*3zܵh> `8=迼G[4 ~G QDvCv8lMo'PK!tXdrs/downrev.xmlDQO0M5@'([&Ԉviy<9'7[a9_[#a#SZYJg6̀Fbc |p3\ڳSwsBhs}HٖLi 1K 'ɔkM|PJQ}t|ʊUa'~_> ԇ븣]?Z 'jG ~6PK-!Zf[Content_Types].xmlPK-!1_a /_rels/.relsPK-!LJ@4*drs/shapexml.xmlPK-!tX drs/downrev.xmlPK ` n *JB___PPT9$ Z~An arguer attempts to justify a wrongful act by claiming that some other act is just as bad or worse. a) Others are committing worse or equally bad acts. b) Therefore my wrongful act is justified. Examples: I don t feel guilty about cheating on Dr. Boyer s tests. Half the class cheats on his tests. Why pick on me, officer? Nobody comes to a complete stop at that stop sign. Mom: Kaia, stop hitting your sister. Kaia: Well, she pinched me. f ZZ  Zfaf 3f!ff p I}OPM___PPT10i. +D=' = @B +"u |t@`\(  ` `  xS0e0e?Rectangle 2 `p  * P BUT & . (  `  ~S0e0e?Rectangle 3"B < PK!Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPK!1_a _rels/.relsj0 ѽqCNo^K [ILcX&m߾0XFo;>0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK! @C4drs/shapexml.xmlYN#7wbCIDXHDΌLSW}AOؓI²h99/sLqy׎PN2u5>^ "fW Zqt+l-&+;*ܹbjx.rnB(Rmr5W+mZ9TtbZL İ,GAg1sl{.bq%ۍZ^AǩmE boL_ X`O}<# [Cmm۴;c1@a C"Nl!T6 zr)_&JO}+bPp@#yXHF![.;θ2HauIf8ŨݱKHE+}I #V,A/{w/M,Mѥf:OnL'Cl$f݁7wI+uSfլ#^ֶ婪T_UۛHĖ&KWc̓`h$&@[^G {]^d G$h;Z%kλ>a4YshI7SJo۬N۫*CʷҮ󨬣oRP5E!p}{teǼn+ %d2h8$MRAS瑾 F[.}̛)VƧYɀFX7q&1UdVijeMY7ZV/7#Bsw?|92~HV~%Ga s^s9\@ WKn0 m*V@(ElIT~ޡ7I:66$ g=RRK:=e}%-YXh6=Ϡнvjb-g~|hէ{Bi&L/xIu@ {=s[OM*&HDŠ%dCI1,YWӥDZ JcICT8%UZq4{+8/Qd-(MaҶ)Xq)F@w+uFX%n-î:%9`Ø%R(V{ΠqZ&(y'3,''i)wv2I2eo)(̧oUp\=^zm"Iđ>;;4rI ({Sdc+ށ{ Whk=V2k, d\pu TĭAKz:'+]G[$\P W4x ,Ii2&$M ؾ_DFhɌ+$8Y+, aXR=;\vqu={\x@]]:R(Ȱd{ ?7߷ғlDfkڃj*!b2< Ә™OPK!}"drs/downrev.xmlDN1E&CLIPGFƅG6.tyso͙{ӊ80d *[!OW9jjeϦThw>lc%ĆBʠj6cb1M+GYv+ 56=f6des҇Wˋ~q"r*_Ziu>>|7"{l)PK-!Zf[Content_Types].xmlPK-!1_a /_rels/.relsPK-! @C4*drs/shapexml.xmlPK-!}"( drs/downrev.xmlPK1 P *bZ___PPT9<4 zfAre these cases of  2 Wrongs Make a Right? Umpire: Why did you throw at the batter s head? Pitcher: Because he threw at three of our players. I have an obligation to protect my teammates if you guys don t. Jeff Dahmer murdered seventeen men in cold blood. Therefore, Jeff Dahmer should be put to death. They commit the fallacy of  2WMR only if the justification is insufficient to warrant the apparent wrong-doing  debatable!, Z Z0 Zx " Zb Z}  Z,)ffifb  f}    I}OPM___PPT10i.ƒP}d+D=' = @B +" Pd(  d d  xS0e0e?Rectangle 2 `p  * Q Scare Tactics ( * d  ~ S0e0e?Rectangle 3" æ PK!Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPK!1_a _rels/.relsj0 ѽqCNo^K [ILcX&m߾0XFo;>0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK!`; drs/shapexml.xmlWN#7w|['!bXm%"ªș){j{B7I{2IB]]>>\u }r&ujB%3΄2Z&Q:6k7v:.]RRx,]IEN) Op^ͫ%*Z,+{3-J\{-S(q$N[4k/Q&”4K&O5K)2Gl ntPtPxahxt8l`>un˷j|r,&.b7tAC]1kR'\Y h҂ ˢjԯLHE4b_XGT} V +9S?k7B5Ѹݕ,v%.ύ q^xS\p!=Vd)+/JiUYoֿ[1" n2dե;[,HڛhC$R# aT֫}DJa/>@fRNQ+8BgɄlBݡ (2߈pv#ť>!4l ֍[PfZ$:_Q$H=WԳЮ]̟C-Gl`nRFϕY'/SK^+^ ./DY(`lZ $i  ?cy $6DBLˢ41$U¥>4GDž^1N['\ SC=f(K*R#BO\'UAq]j:7klY)RƺJm zZ>bM E:x>:o@Izsdе,TҦ9R=Cd Z`1~ !,_d[J /̶!n5 lBR\\+j}|鲞x' `.t-ζ@#$sV\||7Z(p].MY澝IcRX*Av=OR}ljTF{->vi3_ 0/m 9wq84{ Cx~=; ruuȝPuu[a;upE%:eD[dUdw7eS26 PK!qdrs/downrev.xmlDQK0p߶t-c*BWa殍6II{p[{ݲ390$TV*S (s`>ZC^݌K{1fb|s_5OlG&v'4]ͥK떧I5*hP}lmiwWwf,PTa/PR@:%,r_WPK-!Zf[Content_Types].xmlPK-!1_a /_rels/.relsPK-!`; *drs/shapexml.xmlPK-!q drs/downrev.xmlPK `   * An arguer threatens harm to the reader / listener and this threat is irrelevant to the truth of the arguer s conclusion. Diplomat to diplomat: I m sure you ll agree that we are the rightful rulers of the San Marcos Islands. It would be regrettable if we had to send armed forces to demonstrate the validity of our claim. Gun lobbyist to politician: This gun-control bill is wrong for America, and any politician who supports it will discover how wrong they were at the next election. y Z Z Z Z Z Zyf    ff  I}OPM___PPT10i.}%+D=' = @B +" `hy(  h h  x@S0e0e?Rectangle 2 `  * N BUT & .   h  ~`U0e0e?Rectangle 3"  PK!Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPK!1_a _rels/.relsj0 ѽqCNo^K [ILcX&m߾0XFo;>0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK!#drs/shapexml.xmlW[O#7~`bBIİ$J}\yf>uJZWO}ΤL^꧄y;sйPF˄o㟯~岞XisRV}2ԐVƒOJ'U7GJ_^-깥Sv[V ?;8Ӣµ2COJ3k@3=6oɭx `nSinM^[k^Rظbbx`2.V7*h>)V?ե`e ƳQO\{A4Le8GèыAGŨ_ߘ|C)~QXQc_9{u7JԟYbx~1a%D7խQD֫p.HjgzQgdCϪ֌0Bb)jj븿"10F$&%(vׅt~;kis:d9mȀ5_7.}U0;tRX'A*^s |۶"4~*MUV2IJ'_@Y$|0Z@!M5 3fN=KK 0V,jXWG S* ƒln)UVIW0JSܕJ7D3̉2M@/Ϙlkɢn#-db/bT5A1+iwpA(6W!2gA+w܃kn P9t^-p7) so#*o ow80#N@*tߟ;|Fvo bkwb}C{q-voWZp\ Mg_ h3o&0qI7R>.~\ ߎ[ ք ߖKlNGD!EjA6=-;:Z[OùjNEt:f;TM0+MBWt6HJQ`=I​c[ Xcok>3oƉ))2%(*RF&ȶu/ R!.U΅Ob7ze/wuDŽO(4r+9f63k311[wN~Qb92fWW@<:~[#idKN5P!'_Z9GA읣0[a鸣w1[!m ;( \4kijvQm]+iϢ L*x>D4pY3N.Jt96?`%фFI؇)JcA0^huUT e%kXWsFu{ [v8CnsK]g)UZ.N8tT{0aAӾeSIAD$p]"섯߰+^ IerkCE§oPػJNT Qr`g?AR01#PWs"?~߷O-<Z?-ƽhA@a]b >DZPK!Pdrs/downrev.xmlDQO0M%M:2)F p]/d] ';tDηL k62)jgij!sTЄR!~l{3btn:9M{i`O(zҦE5ǻR7a"dž/U+Hg] rtޢDhMA.PK-!Zf[Content_Types].xmlPK-!1_a /_rels/.relsPK-!#*drs/shapexml.xmlPK-!Pdrs/downrev.xmlPK ` b *>6___PPT9 0a) Parent to teen: If you come home late one more time, your allowance will be cut. b) President John Kennedy to Soviet Premier Nikita Krushchev: If you don t remove your nuclear missiles from Cuba, we will have no choice but to remove them by force. If we use force to remove the missiles, that may provoke an all-out nuclear war. Neither of us wants a nuclear war. Therefore, you should remove your missiles from Cuba. 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Student to professor: I know I missed half your classes and failed all my exams, but I had a really tough semester. First my pet boa constrictor died. Then my girlfriend told me she wants a sex-change operation. With all I went through this semester, I don t think I really deserved an F. Any chance you might cut me some slack and change my grade? Parent to football coach: I admit that my son Billy can t run, pass, kick, catch, block or tackle, but he deserved to make the football team. If he doesn t make the team, he s going to be an emotional wreck, and he may even drop out of school.x PQ PGff  I}OPM___PPT10i.{B+D=' = @B +" p|(  p p  x`U0e0e?Rectangle 2 `  * N BUT & .  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Mother to daughter: Nana was asking about you the other day. She s so lonely and depressed since Grandpa passed away, and her Alzheimer s seems to get worse every day. She s done so much for you over the years. Don t you think you should pay her a visit? High school softball coach: Girls, this state championship is the biggest game of your lives. This is what you ve been working for all year. Your parents are counting on you, your school is counting on you, and your community is counting on you. Make them proud! Play like the champions you are! 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Xj 槫!WyMݲnNw&t (d:r#|QLDf1h'>pY:ADND RђE!H*66<7l4Mࠎ`&EhLլTBdk=!0Y)NPxa IGB_ԓu2+ex+xPK!qdrs/downrev.xmlDN@M|͐x'[P(VB01cwhݲ;By{7^9N38 ږ h56Β3./iw[:bC *62 }גy/xpaƇ [ZVT|6<IͦLU[܃`|3_J+ގ;Wm49PK-!Zf[Content_Types].xmlPK-!1_a /_rels/.relsPK-! *drs/shapexml.xmlPK-!qu drs/downrev.xmlPK}  z *VN___PPT90( (zAn arguer distorts an opponent s argument or claim in order to make it easier to attack A) X s view is false or unjustified [but where X s view has been unfairly characterized]. B) Therefore, X s view should be rejected. Examples: Pete has argued that the NY Yankees are a better baseball team than the Atlanta Braves. But the Braves aren t a bad team. They have a great pitching staff, and they consistently finish at or near the top of their division, Obviously, Pete doesn t know what he s talking about. Senator Biddle has argued that we should outlaw violent pornography. Obviously the senator favors complete governmental censorship of books, magazines, and films. Frankly, I m shocked that such a view should be expressed on the floor of the U.S. senate. It runs counter to everything this great nation stands for. X P " P  PP  PZf 3Pf > I}OPM___PPT10i.PSv"+D=' = @B +"  (  S   x U0e0e?Rectangle 2 `  *  Red Herring   * X   ~ TO0e0e?Rectangle 3"@ : PK!Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPK!1_a _rels/.relsj0 ѽqCNo^K [ILcX&m߾0XFo;>0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK!زWdrs/shapexml.xmlXn6}/ Zd}qn g Zb5O Irzb(Ěr89VrvWJZ͓~„JuVy~qr0ʸJ̓ga~sQl쬚'YgӍ(}+˵)jzV(6*eoOz%/TrvU- IviX͓?J%)x^ą;RGR Nǃ~DB&d!jvtLk<э/,CWyIؓᨱF$LP`'pS12ՆW:jwK v:/;T\Һ{j55DJnn7n;_Ea(T'' ЀLX&{^bo;k|GUOna̖JI(NPzJc[eCBvDBqlXY]|8 sϕy 2G¥/ q6Xzx<_9PǻwXE*BKPy"uNe'Y&B6#Tz奄= CMSRK[.W Y{h{ٖZ ~^R3ղ+N/PPt TwQ"( dOl-ks3T|@g d`gqtgfúfk=ضQ5%ei;T'EGj_9RK0 ]v#QhhQmH+wjkj܍O@d=CgG:Rp@4-k;T Jc ;l4 r]߂<3) b1k"n04/fg^/g{L7q/9 b|_/EgG,۰II?ݭ%XIRZkfPؑwWr$P~C%-gF"uoX*=:氨75<(`82M\H$1) #WXXl{W#~?#Z!D[]PK! Hdrs/downrev.xmlDMO0DHkQVP[U /6 k6M8q47zeoZq" n+ D[ˤLˋ9v>V"A8䨠R&a`q)Jj]Vl" 6jtnyx_gźM9V~u"Rm/Y+'+H~6\PK-!Zf[Content_Types].xmlPK-!1_a /_rels/.relsPK-!زW*drs/shapexml.xmlPK-! H'drs/downrev.xmlPK/` P * >An arguer tries to sidetrack his or her audience by raising an irrelevant issue and then claims that the original issue has effectively been settled by the irrelevant diversion. Examples: Many people criticize Thomas Jefferson for being an owner of slaves. But Jefferson was one of our greatest presidents, and his Declaration of Independence is one of the most eloquent pleas for freedom and democracy ever written. Clearly these criticisms are unwarranted. Critics have accused my administration of doing to little to save the family farm. These critics forget that I grew up on a farm. I know what it s like to get up at the crack of dawn to milk the cows. I know what it s like to work in the field all day in the blazing sun. Family farms are what made this country great, and those who criticize my farm policies simply don t know what they re talking about. N P " P 3f b I}OPM___PPT10i.p^"+D=' = @B +" v(     xS0e0e?Rectangle 2 `  * N BUT & .     ~S0e0e?Rectangle 3"n h PK!Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPK!1_a _rels/.relsj0 ѽqCNo^K [ILcX&m߾0XFo;>0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK! OB drs/shapexml.xmlXo"7~kG ( VB 9c{@ԇ6;glofryW*FOxS3Sz5_g79/t&rw?t[]ŰXq5kqҵ,d*ˍ-Ю:Nj/<*U;(4Vzq&fԻL>Nd%~Mq38Y*=ik&5/k)2G8l}p|px7h0^GWm4pO1Vn9Ͱ p]rAγ! `N$,Vd{ZlD?,˃c_9{ja%gw hG0\]1ǚXrjTzD 8хMY ?*5t:*lH"hkQ` sc[Z7yѨ#BR/h0ᚠvTBd=Pbrr/Z V(L"Y6`5Rr}X" DzF%DHESWtze5@AmSfqֻo%mRO}zzg J"E :Ϊ§( #: c%#Jcы$FmXeQ?@p/,Qj%e/K"Az5Jl f$6RKRJƐP U0Nx-1y]J l 49ͬP*!8&T%`]J97`%. KTmDFu# ۿ&AUUr82${rl= 59!Z87SSH{H)P*ld߱?M = G8GB;3g^-/󲼽-'$.dz/%f>ʰ!/Ƿɲ԰.泾ُQ0C.ݍ1?ܵ&):C~6\PK-!Zf[Content_Types].xmlPK-!1_a /_rels/.relsPK-! OB *drs/shapexml.xmlPK-!Udrs/downrev.xmlPK] b *>6___PPT9 Political opponent: Congressman Crookley, now that you have been convicted of bribery, extortion, and grand theft auto, isn t it high time that you resigned from office? Rep. Crookley: How  bout those Yankees? A ten-game lead at the All-Star break! Simply changing or evading the subject without denying the charge or pretending to refute it is not a fallacy. k " f@f7 k I}OPM___PPT10i.ْas+D=' = @B +" (     x S0e0e?Rectangle 2 `  * N Equivocation   m   ~ S0e0e?Rectangle 3"  PK!Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPK!1_a _rels/.relsj0 ѽqCNo^K [ILcX&m߾0XFo;>0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK!8cdrs/shapexml.xmlXn"7wB&dD"KdOcOm!w$=CԪU ǁB06*?t#&TOOw㣳YՒKD= }rdKeeGe+GMW./ӦKs)B9pP!;qQW ]z (oUBE2V*!"A29 Mȶĕ^"sc'qFٰo㐫Z=oc\Rd<\ e՘DݜN+nm~xrPv/By;5u2^Qx :U<J">p| vU)0!`3?؃0T,)A2[!ssϛ3?c`ǹb̗D'kpDR"p 3[-BV/3d/.P"VHN'e/Gz&۽}[MT>k[PG_0Ծ` .G{l-[FHA(he(_a@ShaUEt@y!Lxuwa2猀EOE$#|h׋eEC# |gteϾpVYT7h9|0ՠf 2`E] ]j4y[i Az({]ʡF4>,ˈCJ|W)Q~ZDÿ/~x'PK!VZdrs/downrev.xmlDMK@EB ĈIZBg5G;˽˙-XOη$TVp(_n|@#QYCa1]ͰdvC"4!tjH؎Li 1K׊Iq vjh]~~ZOUiW>F|hq>3_ޤ4ZC ~6PK-!Zf[Content_Types].xmlPK-!1_a /_rels/.relsPK-!8c*drs/shapexml.xmlPK-!VZdrs/downrev.xmlPK  * |A key word is used in two or more senses in the same argument and the apparent success of the argument depends on the shift in meaning. Any law can be repealed by the proper legal authority. The law of gravity is a law. Therefore, the law of gravity can be repealed by the proper legal authority. When the two senses of  law (laws regulating human conduct vs. uniformities of nature) are made explicit, it is apparent that the premises don t support the conclusion, hence a fallacious argument!p    f  I}OPM___PPT10i.p"+D=' = @B +"/ 6.(  \   x@S0e0e?Rectangle 20  * Begging the Question  *z   ~`S0e0e?Rectangle 3"l f PK!Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPK!1_a _rels/.relsj0 ѽqCNo^K [ILcX&m߾0XFo;>0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK!?$*drs/shapexml.xmlYn6;Yv($@F`Y2H'Cߠ'7$+AP,6EEDrpf:J[FG˙ԱY6_/&NPFˈ?Ȃ>|Z u1#v.v:E(>\3PB'&T:H5?疴屹Գۺ<:qEid !nd)B9f&+Ja+|"gМ|䩵~-ŪfVjJk4<G%o`@ N1%6{'bjaj!zTA9 ]4 nh8:A T>u3zK|a`oW)>rvo[Vr~P3+qr&e٤Mvnu/t "Cl\^1ep׻߄ j4ȥgYM^ʧg$ InԖ7[oֹ_&L ;>IG+Em@4z4F@qɵX.+ׁE\#L;ohwhuIl1& Wd yV-ᛵC69d]b=i*^Wq= `E\rxX sLDPsjS5䩋"Kp3)#ϟ9 $PܖDBL ֹdif~OMK}e` l ߛk_6,|;i)rYL+D+T(ե(J){rs%z$(Mks*Z 5zSkPۅ( 7d |C-l-^;RBd]c8H9vYO*cc{?v3ӥ7$|Y^۰O>P A@g +vn%"T iUch 4'N3B4oX6~xlF:|1qQ T77o1Cߧ:{Of [K=gݾ7jPbozcOB>cljlqݟ8d$} )ѨL[hW/r^*ڞ+_CVnj7 mV mktPZWumи dx=@&[uO-zC5t[侧y-r[r)W@Wyt uӞz w j/llS]o +)FYgՑJɊ MwMYܛs%xӍCՄUo <is(9'ml]i&k5e?dd.iR24VwiR x]Reˤ+b_{^TPҲRПj! rkNNI#Q6$ e YguS6Ͱ<̑ [r˙1> :~Dބ0gy=Va+[I(uDE%F |><]ş .~u#e,;O{U(91ȰKJ3Q7~RF.vpOJ'}R!ZJ(Onz=^Xױơ.3ձ}#ڂ< qSBC(^3'Bi:k |mŗ^N}quР(9A{4vGO=~^qswުkx7PK!/drs/downrev.xmlDQO0M5M:00\A L߯륛V}<9'7_Gqa8@jFx+o B$u`SZ$ !1vPm)z-SVl" 56=km||Oun3 UM;Fd<q؜?|v"{l)PK-!Zf[Content_Types].xmlPK-!1_a /_rels/.relsPK-!?$**drs/shapexml.xmlPK-!/S drs/downrev.xmlPK[  *bZ___PPT9<4 An arguer states or assumes as a premise the very thing he or she is trying to prove as a conclusion. Two common ways to beg the question Restating the conclusion in slightly different words. Capital punishment is morally wrong because it is ethically impermissible to inflict death as punishment for a crime. Circular reasoning B: God wrote the bible. N: How do you know? B: Because it says so in the Bible and what the Bible says is true. N: How to you know what the Bible says is true? B: Because God wrote the Bible. 6 v "   " f$6vf  f  I}OPM___PPT10i.|>+D=' = @B +"' .&(     xW0e0e?Rectangle 2 `}  * :     ~W0e0e?Rectangle 3 `b *>6___PPT9 fLet s practice recognizing some of these fallacies!4 " 4 4 I}OPM___PPT10i. +D=' = @B +"e (  #  s `W0e0e?Rectangle 2@@0 b *>6___PPT9 According to the song, the pinball wizard is deaf, dumb, and blind. Dumb people aren't very smart. So, the pinball wizard isn't very smart. "     FW?Text Box 3  NBased on your reading of this chapter, what fallacy does this argument commit?O O O I}OPM___PPT10u.. {+D=' = @B +"Be % (    F W?Text Box 2   N   z  R@W?Text Box 3 According to the song, the pinball wizard is deaf, dumb, and blind. Dumb people aren't very smart. So, the pinball wizard isn't very smart. *     F`W?Text Box 4   N     FW?Text Box 5 0  N     FW?Text Box 6`@p 7The fallacy of equivocation. The arguer uses the word "dumb" in two different senses. In the first sentence, "dumb" means "unable to speak." In the second sentence, it means "unintelligent." Consequently, although the argument may superficially appear to be valid, the premises do not support the conclusion.&  8 8  FW?Text Box 70 p*  R    I}OPM___PPT10u.. p*+D=' = @B +"%e 0(    LW?Text Box 2`/  I'm trying hard to understand this guy who identifies himself as a security supervisor and criticizes the police officers in this area. I can only come up with two solutions. One, he is either a member of the criminal element, or two, he is a frustrated security guard who can never make it as a police officer and figures he can take cheap shots at cops through the newspaper. (adapted from a newspaper call-in column) *     FW?Text Box 30 6 LBased on your reading of this chapter, what fallacy does this caller commit?M M M  I}OPM___PPT10u..+D=' = @B +"e   Pl (  U   s W0e0e?Rectangle 2"YSPK!Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPK!1_a _rels/.relsj0 ѽqCNo^K [ILcX&m߾0XFo;>0xM e`|X}đ I`߽N4aG2$RKIZ)4(M9`ctB{m:f@`3n|O,ܗr޾jxR0T ,0@}WBLǬ5vPK!t  drs/shapexml.xmlVKo6 t-~cFEbm#0,z (H;ߐ㸗ni8 9gnjJ4}&L\ZקM¬R+&Ga/_m&aPVvҤƹf|#jn?F(Jmj4NcqjwN+Lگ!*/ 4>k(rN;:h c _pwv07Jg;cFv -͆c+]H`ǃp_Gŀo|r(MOoD%Û.\wL0Oh<'@4D'BPeU+)?*kL2Mf|6.9;ΔCk-qm|hC8;Hd"CxfRׄ$A?rk Q s.%jW4\D5Nzxr&3b氦8nVMNZtXtEv<Ն7~ae94jntY9VjV9HqO ku+wD}/p,c@;]!FX!?k= EmY9}6kaLKͦW?PK-!Zf[Content_Types].xmlPK-!1_a /_rels/.relsPK-!t  *drs/shapexml.xmlPK-!Bdrs/downrev.xmlPKH  * I'm trying hard to understand this guy who identifies himself as a security supervisor and criticizes the police officers in this area. I can only come up with two solutions. One, he is either a member of the criminal element, or two, he is a frustrated security guard who can never make it as a police officer and figures he can take cheap shots at cops through the newspaper. (adapted from a newspaper call-in column) , (   F`W?Text Box 3 0 aThe fallacy of personal attack. The caller never responds to the previous caller's arguments. Instead, he simply attacks his or her character. By criticizing the previous caller's motives, the arguer also commits the fallacy of attacking the motive.&      I}OPM___PPT10i.}+D=' = @B +"e `(    s `U0e0e?Rectangle 2``p  * IThe Red Cross is worried about the treatment of the suspected terrorists held by the U.S. at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. What do they want the U.S. to do with them, put them on the beaches of Florida for a vacation or take them skiing in the Rockies? Come on, let's worry about the Americans. (adapted from a newspaper call-in column) *J H J  F@W?Text Box 3` @G  P 2    F`W?Text Box 4 @@ NBased on your reading of this chapter, what fallacy does this argument commit?O O O  I}OPM___PPT10i.ΕI+D=' = @B +"e p(    s  W0e0e?Rectangle 2 Pp  * IThe Red Cross is worried about the treatment of the suspected terrorists held by the U.S. at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. What do they want the U.S. to do with them, put them on the beaches of Florida for a vacation or take them skiing in the Rockies? Come on, let's worry about the Americans. (adapted from a newspaper call-in column) LJ (/( J  F@W?Text Box 3 @@ :The fallacy of straw man. The Red Cross, of course, is not suggesting that the detainees be treated as vacationers. The caller is misrepresenting the Red Cross's argument in order to make it appear ridiculous.&     I}OPM___PPT10i.Εx(+D=' = @B +"f  (    s `W0e0e?Rectangle 2`0   * +Barbara Youngblood, a member of the Wilkes-Barre (Pa.) School Board for twenty-three years, had six relatives on the school district payroll before she was voted out of office in 2003. When questioned, she offered the following justification for nepotism in public education: "Every board member is pushing somebody for a job -- friends' kids, neighbors' kids. . . . This happens not only in the School District. People have relatives working in the same company. It's an everyday happening. Is that a sin?" (Wilkes-Barre Times Leader, November 17, 2002)>,    ,  FW?Text Box 3  LBased on your reading of this chapter, what fallacy does Youngblood commit?M M M  I}OPM___PPT10i.Е]:+D=' = @B +"uf d\D(    C W0e0e?Rectangle 2   * ,Barbara Youngblood, a member of the Wilkes-Barre (Pa.) School Board for twenty-three years, had six relatives on the school district payroll before she was voted out of office in 2003. When questioned, she offered the following justification for nepotism in public education: "Every board member is pushing somebody for a job -- friends' kids, neighbors' kids. . . . This happens not only in the School District. People have relatives working in the same company. It's an everyday happening. Is that a sin?" (Wilkes-Barre Times Leader, November 17, 2002)^- $p  -h   ~W0e0e?Rectangle 3p b *>6___PPT9 PBandwagon argument. The speaker attempts to justify nepotism--a practice that creates clear conflicts of interest and often results in the hiring of less- qualified applicants--simply by noting that it is widely practiced.B " P " P  I}OPM___PPT10i.™+D=' = @B +"f (    C  W0e0e?Rectangle 2 `   *  Paul: My philosophy teacher said that it's impossible to prove that our memories are sometimes reliable. It's just something we have to take on faith. Lisa: That's baloney. I can remember countless times when I recalled information correctly. Isn't that proof enough?  3(^g(    ~@W0e0e?Rectangle 3 @0b *>6___PPT9 EBased on your reading of this chapter, what fallacy does Lisa commit?F " ZF F I}OPM___PPT10i.™+D=' = @B +"f (    C  W0e0e?Rectangle 2 0p  *  Paul: My philosophy teacher said that it's impossible to prove that our memories are sometimes reliable. It's just something we have to take on faith. Lisa: That's baloney. I can remember countless times when I recalled information correctly. Isn't that proof enough?n  3(]p ^   ~@W0e0e?Rectangle 3@b *>6___PPT9 F  "    L`W?Text Box 4@ aX( 2(    F0\?Text Box 50  IBegging the question. Lisa is trying to prove that our memories are sometimes reliable. Yet in saying that she remembers times when her memory was accurate, she is assuming what she attempts to prove.>  p Q   I}OPM___PPT10i.ӕЀ)+D=' = @B +"$ %@(    N<\?Rectangle 7_   h*       r0e0e?Rectangle 2   *   ~ =\0e0e?Rectangle 3 0  * N    3380___PPT10.>A;ıVf2+;Nt<~HvP#Y5AFxX\oain}i֜1Oh+'0 hp   Ling 21, Lecture 6:91Thom17Microsoft Office PowerPoint@&]@p;@f G;  pp  @pA x@(x֌99cc9֌ccc99֌9cc9֌99֌9cc9c9֌9cc9ֵc9֌9c99ֵc9c9ccc9c9ֵc9֌9c9cc9ֵc9ccc9c9ccc9ֵc9ֵccֵc9c9֌9c99c9c999֌9cccc9ֵc9ccc9c9ccc9ֵc9ccֵc9c9֌9cc9c9c9c9c9ccc9֌99ֵc9ֵc9ccc9ֵc9ֵc9ֵc9֌99ֵc9ccccc9c9c9c9c9ֵc9c9c9֌99c9c9c9ֵc9֌99c99c9֌999cֵ9c99ֵccc99֌999cccc֌99cc999֌c9֌cc99֌cc99֌c9֌c99cֵ99c999֌c9֌c9֌9cccֵ9֌9c֌999cc9cc9c֌9c֌9c9֌9cֵ99c999֌c9֌c֌99c9cֵ9c9ֵc9ccc9cc99c99cֵc9cֵ9999ccֵ9֌9ccc99c9cֵ9֌9c9cֵc9ccc9cc9c֌9c9c֌9c9ccֵ9cc֌99c9cccccֵ9c9֌9ֵ֌9cc֌99c999cֵ9cccccccֵ999֌99c9cֵ9ccccc9֌99՜.+,D՜.+,h$  $ , On-screen Show (4:3)San Jose State University- 3ArialCalibri Maiandra GD WingdingsImpact Office ThemeLing 21, Lecture 6:#Two weeks ago, we studied about…&Two weeks ago, we also studied about #Finally, we also studied about …Slide 5#This week, we will learn about …What you should get from Ch. 5Logical FallacyThe Concept of RelevancePositive Relevance#2 Important Points about RelevanceNegative RelevanceLogical IrrelevanceFallacies of RelevancePersonal Attack (Ad Hominem)Personal Attack (Ad Hominem)Personal Attack (Ad Hominem)Attacking the Motive BUT ….1Look Who’s Talking (Tu Quoque /tu kwoʊkwɛ/ ) BUT ….Two Wrongs Make a Right BUT ….Scare Tactics BUT ….Appeal to Pity BUT ….Bandwagon Argument BUT …. Straw Man Red Herring BUT …. EquivocationBegging the Question Slide 35 Slide 36 Slide 37 Slide 38I'm trying hard to understand this guy who identifies himself as a security supervisor and criticizes the police officers in this area. I can only come up with two solutions. One, he is either a member of the criminal element, or two, he is a frustrated security guard who can never make it as a police officer and figures he can take cheap shots at cops through the newspaper. (adapted from a newspaper call-in column) JThe Red Cross is worried about the treatment of the suspected terrorists held by the U.S. at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. What do they want the U.S. to do with them, put them on the beaches of Florida for a vacation or take them skiing in the Rockies? Come on, let's worry about the Americans. (adapted from a newspaper call-in column) JThe Red Cross is worried about the treatment of the suspected terrorists held by the U.S. at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. What do they want the U.S. to do with them, put them on the beaches of Florida for a vacation or take them skiing in the Rockies? Come on, let's worry about the Americans. (adapted from a newspaper call-in column) ,Barbara Youngblood, a member of the Wilkes-Barre (Pa.) School Board for twenty-three years, had six relatives on the school district payroll before she was voted out of office in 2003. When questioned, she offered the following justification for nepotism in public education: "Every board member is pushing somebody for a job -- friends' kids, neighbors' kids. . . . This happens not only in the School District. People have relatives working in the same company. It's an everyday happening. Is that a sin?" (Wilkes-Barre Times Leader, November 17, 2002)-Barbara Youngblood, a member of the Wilkes-Barre (Pa.) School Board for twenty-three years, had six relatives on the school district payroll before she was voted out of office in 2003. When questioned, she offered the following justification for nepotism in public education: "Every board member is pushing somebody for a job -- friends' kids, neighbors' kids. . . . This happens not only in the School District. People have relatives working in the same company. It's an everyday happening. Is that a sin?" (Wilkes-Barre Times Leader, November 17, 2002) Paul: My philosophy teacher said that it's impossible to prove that our memories are sometimes reliable. It's just something we have to take on faith. Lisa: That's baloney. I can remember countless times when I recalled information correctly. Isn't that proof enough? Paul: My philosophy teacher said that it's impossible to prove that our memories are sometimes reliable. It's just something we have to take on faith. Lisa: That's baloney. I can remember countless times when I recalled information correctly. Isn't that proof enough?  Fonts UsedTheme Slide Titles- 8@ _PID_HLINKSAX*;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXLTQi7vVsI&feature=related;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXLTQi7vVsI&feature=related;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exdK7Lirngg&feature=relatedchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2wj4Lk07RE&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PL0B6AA299605AE7BB;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXLTQi7vVsI&feature=related;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exdK7Lirngg&feature=relatedchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2wj4Lk07RE&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PL0B6AA299605AE7BB_b*ThomThom  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFHIJKLMNOPQRTUVWXYZaRoot EntrydO)Current UserSSummaryInformation(PowerPoint Document(DocumentSummaryInformation8G