ࡱ> GIF7 bjbjUU .7|7|lT T T T ` 42 EGGGGGG$ Vk kh h h h Eh Eh h 2 VM@ AdT : . 40xnh nh Team: DC Applicants Review of Butler Ch 1 and Inman Ch 3 Summary Butler Ch 1 Importance of a DNA Database and its History The chapter starts off with a story about two college students, a male and female. A man came into the girls house, robbed the male and placed a pillow over his head as he raped the female, blind-folding her with her own shirt. He forced them to not look at him, had the female take a shower afterwards, and left behind a can of beer he drank. The man left leaving behind traces of semen on the bed and saliva on the can, enough evidence to make a sample. The police had a sample but no suspect, except for previous sex offenders in that area, because the victims could not view him. Finally, a long while later, the police received a call that the sample from the crime scene matched a man that was in the Virginia DNA Database, that requires all convicted felons ages 14 and older to submit a sample. They found the man in jail because of a parole violation where he turned himself in on the day of the rape taking him off of the suspect list and he would have never been found had it not been for the DNA database. DNA typing was introduced in the 1980s. Since this discovery, many cases that seemed impossible were solved, and innocent men were freed. DNA typing has been the best discovery to law enforcement since fingerprinting 100 years ago. Alec Jeffreys first introduced DNA typing in 1985. He discovered that certain regions of DNA contained sequences that repeated multiple times. These repeat sections also differed from individual to individual. He developed a technique to examine the length variation of the repeat sequences for human identification which was called RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism). The DNA repeat regions were named VNTRs (variable number of tandem repeats). RFLP used restriction enzymes to cut the DNA at the repeat regions. Now many labs and paternity labs do thousands of tests yearly in the US alone. Within the last 15 years, the speed of analysis in DNA typing methods, has improved based on the advances of technology. The ability to differentiate between two individuals with a high degree of discrimination and the speed of processing valid results, can be completed within a few hours. The first genetic technique of testing DNA between two individuals, was the ABO blood group determination. This technique can be performed within minutes, but is not the most informative use of testing. A few DNA testing techniques include; single-locus probe, multi locus probe of RFLN, and PCR. The multi-locus RFLP probes, is the most accurate, yet time consuming method of testing DNA. Multiplex STRs, include a high power of discrimination and a rapid analysis speed. This DNA testing technique is most useful for measuring sample mixtures and degrading DNA molecules. Mitochondrial DNA contains the lowest power of discrimination and the lowest sample processing time. This testing can be successful when associating maternally related individuals. Timeline for DNA Typing and Microsoft YearField of DNA Microsoft 1985-Multi Locus Probes RFLP (Created by Alec Jeffrys)-1st version of Windows1986-DNA typing went Public in the U.S. (Cellmark and Life codes) -Went public with successful initial public offering1989 + earlier 1990-Legally questioned -Quality problems 1991-Fluorescent STR markers and Chelex -Version 3.1 created 1995-OJ Simpson Case made public more aware of DNA -Creation of DNA Database in UK -Windows 95 released 1998-CODIS created (database in U.S.)-Windows 98 released2000-RFLP-stop running and converted to multiplexing STR-Bill Gates steps down2001-STR kit released with 5 dye -1st Y-STR kit Windows XP  Summary Inman Chapter 3 A Short History of DNA Typing DNA- Cellular components defined by Oswald Avery in 1944 Double Helix-1953 the structure of DNA molecules were elucidated by James Watson and Francis Crick Restriction fragment length polymorphism or RFLP- 1980- David Botstein and coworker were the first to find the variation between people at genetic levels as landmarkers to construct a human gene map DNA Fingerprinting- was a method discovered in England by Alec Jefferys while he was searching for disease markers in DNA. Later became to be know as DNA TYPING AND DNA PROFILING Polymerase Chain project- 1986 invented by Kary Mullis which changed the face of molecular biology. Most crime labs today employ PCR-based DNA typing systems DNA has also be used for the following: Immigration and paternity disputes, Knowledge of the way DNA is inherited in a family, used by the Armed Forced DNA identification Laboratory (AFDIL), Identification of genes in a diseases, Typing DNA in endangered species Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) - Has become an important tool in the study anthropology and ancient history. In the United States privates companies were the first to analyze DNA samples for forensic use DNA was first introduced to United States in 1986 an used in tens of thousands of cases Case Studies from Inman Ch 3 Case 1 To Catch a Cougar December 10, 1994 a woman's body was found at Rancho State Park In San Diego County The body was found nude and it was an apparent violent attack it was treated as a homicide case, and the many lion attacks that happened in that area. The body was moved and because the bounty was aware that the cougar would return for the rest of the body it was moved immediately. The DNA Laboratory tested to find a large piece of a clay was left in the lip area According to the DNA Laboratory for Human testing there was a paw fur sample and a huge amount of DNA and hair scalp. Positive Control test were done on these items to but it showed signs of bacteria or the cats blood. As a result the cat was killed and a PCR amplification test was done to show that there was a match of the lip and hair sample. Case 2 The Kevin Green Story Diana Green was two months pregnant and overdue with Kevin Green beat her to death and caused her to loose her memory and loose her baby. Kevin Green spent 16 years in prison during the DNA the time when the Data bank became a tool for forensic science. Convicted Rapist Gerald Parker who had committed additional crimes confessed that he had beat his victims unconscious. He confessed to the rape and murder of Diana Green and the Orange County Crime Laboratory tested his DNA and found that it Gerald Green DNA matched. Green was freed and found innocent by judge ;P'(2489klnp)*<>BChi~(*./cdz|ab H*OJQJB*OJQJph5B*OJQJphOJQJE:;PQ~ (3$If`349l*=>CD{{{{{{{{{{$If~$$IflFEU  06    4 laCi)*/d{{{H~$$IflFEU  06    4 la$Ifd{|{{yyyyyyy~$$IflFEU  06    4 la$If12_`()o & F89@VWVb & F & F / =!"#$% i4@4 NormalCJaJmH sH tH <A@< Default Paragraph Font&.:;PQ~    ( 3 4 9 l   * = > C i  )*/d{|12_`()o89@VWVb0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0 0 0 0 00000 0 0 0 0 03Cds{  c j ` f 4?AECM33 _C:\Documents and Settings\Steven Lee\Desktop\JS115 exam 1 summaries\JS 115 Midterm 1 Review.doccyt\% C i  )*/d{|@ `@UnknownGz Times New Roman5Symbol3& z Arial?5 z Courier New;Wingdings qhFF ,203QTeam: DC Applicants   Oh+'0X0   , 8DLT\dTeam: DC Applicants 9eam amamNormalC rm2rmMicrosoft Word 9.0 @@6d@6dG.VT$m~ f&WordMicrosoft Word  "Systemkf &-@"Arials +ww 0wkf- )2 ZTeam: DC Applicants >88THHC882882 2 Z 06A2 $Review of Butler Ch 1 and Inman Ch 3H818G8C88!H888888T88H88 2   06 2 @ 06@"Arialg ww 0wkf-)2 Summary Butler Ch 1C=YY8'5H=!8'H=8 2  08- 2 & 06M2 ,Importance of a DNA Database and its HistoryT88!882888HHCH8888288882H28!1 2   06 2  06|2 KThe chapter starts off with a story about two college students, a male and n>8828888!28!28G8828!18888G8288782888828T88888\2 6female. A man came into the girls house, robbed the m8T88CT8828T888887!288828!8888888T/2  ale and placed a pillow 8888888288888GL2 e+over his head as he raped the female, blindy818!8288888288!8888888T88888 2 ev -0!A2 e $folding her with her own shirt. He 888788!G888!8G828!H82 Rforced them to not look at him, had the female take a shower afterwards, and left 8!28888T88888288T888888T888288288G8!88!G8!828888t2 KFbehind a can of beer he drank. The man left leaving behind traces of 8888882888888!888!882>88T8888818788888!828282 K semen on 28T88882 Mthe bed and saliva on the can, enough evidence to make a sample. The police 888888882818888828888887881888288T828828T88>8888282 1Mhad a sample but no suspect, except for previous sex offenders in that area, 888828T888888282882812888!8!8188228188888!28888!882 Qbecause the victims could not view him. Finally, a long while later, the police 88288288812T228888818G8T=8818887G8888!8888282   received a c!82818882p2  Call that the sample from the crime scene matched a man that was in 8888828T88!8T882!T822888T828888T8888G8282 Pthe Virginia DNA Database, that requires all convicted felons ages 14 and older 88C!788HHCH88882888!878!82828812888882878288888888!2 Nto submit a sample. They found the man in jail because of a parole violation 8288T828T88>881888888T888888288288888!8818888:2 p where he turned himself in on tG88!8888!8888T28888\2 p F6he day of the rape taking him off of the suspect list 88881888!88882878T88882828822y2 Iand he would have never been found had it not been for the DNA database. 88888G88888188818!888888888888888888!88HHC8888828 2 4 06 2 V  06t2 FDNA typing was introduced in the 1980s. Since this discovery, many HHC1887G828!88828888888882C82882822818!1T881a2 < 9cases that seemed impossible were solved, and innocent me52828288288T88T882288G8!828188888888288T8(2 < n were freed. DNA 18G8!8!888HHC2 Otyping has been the best discovery to law enforcement since fingerprinting 100 1887882888888882822818!188G888!28T882828878!8!8878882 " Syears ago. Alec Jeffreys first introduced DNA typing in 1985. He discovered that e188!2878C8228!812!28!888288HHC188788888H8822818!8888|2 Kcertain regions of DNA contained sequences that repeated multiple times. T,28!88!878828HHC288888828788828288!888888T888T82>2 $hese 88282 Mrepeat sections also differed from individual to individual. He developed a !888828288282888!88!8T8818888881888H8881888888}2 {Ltechnique to examine the length variation of the repeat sequences for human 82887888818T8888887818!888888!88882878882828!88T882 Sidentification which was called RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism). e8882888G828G822888H=8C!!82!288!87T888878881T8!882T!"2 aThe DNA repeat 2>88HHC!8888[2 a5regions were named VNTRs (variable number of tandem !87882G8!888T88CH>H2!18!88888T88!88888T2 Prepeats). RFLP used restriction enzymes to cut the DNA at the repeat regions. !88882!H=8C8288!82!2888811T8282888HHC888!8888!878822 GNNow many labs and paternity labs do thousands of tests yearly in the US alone.H8GT881882888888!8188288888288828822188!1888HC8888 2 G 06 2  06L2 -+Within the last 15 years, the speed of analyc88888288188!28828888888852 -n ysis in DNA typing methods, 1228HHC1887T888822 Ohas improved based on the advances of technology. The ability to differentiate 882T8!818888288888888188282882888871>88881888!88882 Nbetween two individuals with a high degree of discrimination and the speed of 88G888G88818882G88878887!888822!T888888888288888v2 Gprocessing valid results, can be completed within a few hours. The firs8!8282287188!82822888828T8888G8888G888!2>88!22  t genetic 78882z2 Jtechnique of testing DNA between two individuals, was the ABO blood group 828878888287HHC88G888G88818882G8288CCN88887!8882 lNdetermination. This technique can be performed within minutes, but is not the 888!T8888>8282887882888888!8!T88G88T888288288882 most T8242 informative use of testing. 88!T81882888287 2 ] 06 2 R 06M2 ,A few DNA testing techniques include; singleC8GHHC828782887882828882878 2  -0!"2  locus probe, mu282828!888T82 lti  2 /082 glocus 8282=2 8!probe of RFLN, and PCR. The multi8!8888H=8H888CHH>88T8 2 8& -0!I2 8G )locus RFLP probes, is the most accurate, 8282H=8C8!8882288T828228!882 Oyet time consuming method of testing DNA. Multiplex STRs, include a high power 18T828828T87T888888287HHCS8881C>H282888887888G8!2 Qof discrimination and a rapid analysis speed. This DNA testing technique is most 8822!T88888888!88888812228888>82HHC828782887882T822  useful for82888!_2 8 measuring sample mixtures and degrading DNA molecules. T8828!8728T88T18!82888887!8887HHCT882882-                    ՜.+,0 hp  San Jose State Universityt,  Team: DC Applicants Title  !"#$&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=?@ABCDEHRoot Entry F;&BdJ1TablenWordDocument.SummaryInformation(%0DocumentSummaryInformation8>CompObjjObjectPool;&Bd;&Bd  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q