ÐÏà¡±á>þÿ :<þÿÿÿ9ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿì¥Á€ ð¿0ëbjbjöàöà . ”Š”Šë ÿÿÿÿÿÿ·||¿¿¿¿¿ÿÿÿÿÓÓÓÓïÓ€øôôôÿ$x¢p%¿ôôôôô%¿¿Û:¨¨¨ô"¿¿ÿ¨ôÿ¨¨:³,;ÿÿÿÿ0wå/›ŒÎÓ:ß ëP0€éRŠPXŠ;Š¿;°ôô¨ôôôôô%%¨ôôô€ôôôôÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿŠôôôôôôôôô| …: 139 Chapter 13 Assignment Watson’s 1913 paper-what was his main idea? What approach did Watson advocate for psychology to become a science? Against what approach was he arguing? History of Behaviorism: Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, Skinner Principle of classical conditioning: S-R association: The UCS and the UCR, the CS and the CR- give examples Main concepts: HYPERLINK "http://www.wadsworth.com/cgi-wadsworth/course_products_wp.pl?fid=M35&product_isbn_issn=0495813966&chapter_number=13&resource_id=10&altname=Glossary" \l "top" Behavior modification: Therapy procedures based on operant conditioning and classical conditioning principles. Classical conditioning: Learning resulting from pairing a conditioned stimulus with a new, unconditioned stimulus. Discrimination: A learned tendency to respond only to stimuli that result in reinforcement and not to similar, but unrewarded, stimuli. Generalization The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the one used in the initial conditioning. Observational learning: Learning that results from watching or hearing about a person modeling the behavior. Operant conditioning: Learning resulting from the response an organism receives following a behavior. Positive reinforcement: any stimulus that is presented after a behavior has occurred that increases the likelihood that the behavior to be repeated (give examples) Negative reinforcement: When the removal of an unpleasant stimulus increases the frequency of the behavior Punishment: An aversive stimulus (e.g. spanking) that follows the behavior decreases the frequency of the behavior What are the reasons that limit the effectiveness of punishment? Shaping: Rewarding little increments toward the final, desired behavior (give examples. Social-Learning theory: Behavior-environment-behavior interaction- what is it? Rotter and the concept of behavior potential: The likelihood that a given behavior would occur in a given situation. The behavioral potential is based on expectancy- that is- expectation that the behavior be reinforced in the future. Note the concept of Locus of Control- the beliefs about the extent to which our behavior will have an impact. Whether the behavior be repeated also depends of its reinforcement value Social-Learning Theory: Bandura and reciprocal determinism: The notion that external determinants of behavior, internal determinants of behavior, and behavior all influence one another. Self-efficacy: A person’s expectancy that he or she can successfully perform a given behavior. Self-regulation: The ability to develop and apply rewards and punishments for internal standards of behavior. Observational Learning: We can learn by observing another person being rewarded or being punished. Note difference between learning and performing . Explaining psychological disorders: be familiar with Little Albert- what did it demonstrate? Behavior Modification: Classical conditioning applications- Systematic Desensitization: association between a feared stimulus and a feared response is replaced by a new association between he same feared stimulus and relaxation (give examples) Operant Conditioning applications: Identify a target behavior to be changed (e.g. temper tantrum), and then changed the conditions ij the environment – give examples Token economy Biofeedback Assessment: Observing behaviors that we want to change- defining the behavior, identifying baselines, introducing the change, measuring the effectiveness. 22. What are the main strengths? 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