ࡱ> ^`] 4bjbjߍ $L,TT++++8cD+Zl/"QQQQTmoooooo$NoQQoQQjQQmmN#+[m0  8QT :   Wood v. Strickland excerpts Relevant background 1. From a previous student with beer, the school district passed a no alcoholic beverages policy subject to up to two weeks suspension. 2. One concern in this case, at least for awhile, is whether the nature of the hearings were sufficiently inadequate as to deny the students their due process rights (procedural due process). The other concern is whether the principal and school board a) acted maliciously to purposely harm the teens and b) whether they should have known enough about how state law defines alcoholic beverage so not knowing that may have made principal wrongly convict and wrongly punish the students. Read on Wood v. Strickland No. 73-1285 Argued October 16, 1974 Decided February 25, 1975 420 U.S. 308 At the time in question, respondents were 16 years old and were in the 10th grade. The relevant facts begin with their discovery that the punch had not been prepared for the meeting as previously planned. The girls then agreed to "spike" it. Since the county in which the school is located is "dry," respondents and a third girl drove across the state border into Oklahoma and purchased two 12-ounce bottles of "Right Time," a malt liquor. They then bought six 10-ounce bottles of a soft drink, and, after having mixed the contents of the eight bottles in an empty milk carton, returned to school. Prior to the meeting, the girls experienced second thoughts about the wisdom of their prank, but by then they were caught up in the force of events and the intervention of other girls prevented them from disposing of the illicit punch. The punch was served at the meeting, without apparent effect. Page 420 U. S. 312 Ten days later, the teacher in charge of the extracurricular group and meeting, Mrs. Curtis Powell, having heard something about the "spiking," questioned the girls about it. Although first denying any knowledge, the girls admitted their involvement after the teacher said that she would handle the punishment herself. The next day, however, she told the girls that the incident was becoming increasingly the subject of talk in the school, and that the principal, P. T. Waller, would probably hear about it. She told them that her job was in jeopardy, but that she would not force them to admit to Waller what they had done. If they did not go to him then, however, she would not be able to help them if the incident became "distorted." The three girls then went to Waller and admitted their role in the affair. He suspended them from school for a maximum two-week period, subject to the decision of the school board. Waller also told them that the board would meet that night, that the girls could tell their parents about the meeting, but that the parents should not contact any members of the board. Neither the girls nor their parents attended the school board meeting that night. Both Mrs. Powell and Waller, after making their reports concerning the incident, recommended leniency. At this point, a telephone call was received by S. L. Inlow, then the superintendent of schools, from Mrs. Powell's husband, also a teacher at the high school, who reported that he had heard that the third girl involved had been in a fight that evening at a basketball game. Inlow informed the meeting of the news, although he did not mention the name of the girl involved. Mrs. Powell and Waller then withdrew their recommendations of leniency, and the board voted to expel the girls from school for the remainder of the semester, a period of approximately three months. The board subsequently agreed to hold another meeting Page 420 U. S. 313 on the matter, and one was held approximately two weeks after the first meeting. The girls, their parents, and their counsel attended this session. The board began with a reading of a written statement of facts as it had found them. [ HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/420/308/case.html" \l "F4" Footnote 4] The girls admitted mixing the malt liquor into the punch with the intent of "spiking" it, but asked the board to forgo its rule punishing such violations by such substantial suspensions. Neither Mrs. Powell nor Waller was present at this meeting. The board voted not to change its policy and, as before, to expel the girls for the remainder of the semester. [ HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/420/308/case.html" \l "F5" Footnote 5] II The District Court instructed the jury that a decision for respondents had to be premised upon a finding that Page 420 U. S. 314 petitioners acted with malice in expelling them and defined "malice" as meaning "ill will against a person -- a wrongful act done intentionally without just cause or excuse." 348 F.Supp. at 248. In ruling for petitioners after the jury had been unable to agree, the District Court found "as a matter of law" that there was no evidence from which malice could be inferred.Id.at 253. The Court of Appeals, however, viewed both the instruction and the decision of the District Court as being erroneous. Specific intent to harm wrongfully, it held, was not a requirement for the recovery of damages. Instead, "[i]t need only be established that the defendants did not, in the light of all the circumstances, act in good faith. The test is an objective, rather than a subjective, one." 485 F.2d at 191 (footnote omitted). Petitioners, as members of the school board, assert here, as they did below, an absolute immunity from liability under 1983 and, at the very least, seek to reinstate the judgment of the District Court. If they are correct and the District Court's dismissal should be sustained, we need go no further in this case. Moreover, the immunity question involves the construction of a federal statute, and our practice is to deal with possibly dispositive statutory issues before reaching questions turning on the construction of the Constitution.Cf. Hagans v. Lavine, HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/415/528/case.html" 415 U. S. 528, HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/415/528/case.html" \l "549" 415 U. S. 549(1974). [ HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/420/308/case.html" \l "F6" Footnote 6] We essentially sustain the position of the Court of Appeals with respect to the immunity issue. "To justify the suspension, it was necessary for the Board to establish that the students possessed or used an 'intoxicating' beverage at a school-sponsored activity. No evidence was presented at either meeting to establish the alcoholic content of the liquid brought to the campus. Moreover, the Board made no finding that the liquid was intoxicating. The only evidence as to the nature of the drink was that supplied by the girls, and it is clear that they did not know whether the beverage was intoxicating or not." 485 F.2d at 190. Although it did not cite the case as authority, the Court of Appeals was apparently applying the due process rationale ofThompson v. City of Louisville, HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/362/199/case.html" 362 U. S. 199, HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/362/199/case.html" \l "206" 362 U. S. 206(1960), [ HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/420/308/case.html" \l "F14" Footnote 14] to the public school disciplinary process. The applicability ofThompsonin this setting, however, is an issue that need not be reached in this case. [ HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/420/308/case.html" \l "F15" Footnote 15] The record reveals that the decision of the Court of Appeals Page 420 U. S. 324 was based upon an erroneous construction of the school regulation in question. Once that regulation is properly construed, theThompsonissue disappears. The Court of Appeals interpreted the school regulation prohibiting the use or possession of intoxicating beverages as being linked to the definition of "intoxicating liquor" under Arkansas statutes [ HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/420/308/case.html" \l "F16" Footnote 16] which restrict the term to beverages with an alcoholic content exceeding 5% by weight. [ HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/420/308/case.html" \l "F17" Footnote 17] Testimony at the trial, however, established convincingly that the term "intoxicating beverage" in the school regulation was not intended at the time of its adoption in 1967 to be linked to the definition in the state statutes or to any other technical definition of "intoxicating." [ HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/420/308/case.html" \l "F18" Footnote 18] The adoption Page 420 U. S. 325 of the regulation was at a time when the school board was concerned with a previous beer drinking episode. [ HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/420/308/case.html" \l "F19" Footnote 19] It was applied prior to respondents' case to another student charged with possession of beer. [ HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/420/308/case.html" \l "F20" Footnote 20] In its statement of facts issued prior to the onset of this litigation, the school board expressed its construction of the regulation by finding that the girls had brought an "alcoholic beverage" onto school premises. [ HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/420/308/case.html" \l "F21" Footnote 21] The girls themselves admitted knowing at the time of the incident that they were doing something wrong which might be punished. [ HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/420/308/case.html" \l "F22" Footnote 22] In light of this evidence, the Court of Appeals was ill-advised to supplant the interpretation of the regulation of those officers who adopted it and are entrusted with its enforcement.Cf. Grayned v. City of Rockford, HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/408/104/case.html" 408 U. S. 104, HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/408/104/case.html" \l "110" 408 U. S. 110(1972). When the regulation is construed to prohibit the use and possession of beverages containing alcohol, there was no absence of evidence before the school board to prove the charge against respondents. The girls had admitted that they intended to "spike" the punch and that they had mixed malt liquor into the punch that was served. The third girl estimated at the time of their admissions to Waller that the malt liquor had an alcohol content of 20%. After the expulsion decision had been made and this Page 420 U. S. 326 litigation had begun, it was conclusively determined that the malt liquor, in fact, had an alcohol content not exceeding 3.2% by weight. [ HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/420/308/case.html" \l "F23" Footnote 23] Testimony at trial put the alcohol content of the punch served at 0.91%. [ HYPERLINK "http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/420/308/case.html" \l "F24" Footnote 24] Significance This case tells government employees (the actual employee, not the agency) that as long as they act in good faith, and without malice, they will be immune from being sued for damages. But if they acted in a way that another reasonable person in your position would know or reasonably should have known would violate someone's constitutional rights, they can be held individually liable under section 1983. 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