ࡱ> HJG @ bjbjVV )2r<r<f8,*44jj[[[****/*a/ 4$6R814:[[::14F4fff:X*f:*ff'j)^ PWy~(*\404)j9bj94)D,j9)[L6f, 1[[[1414d DV APPLYING EXPLANATORY FRAMEWORKS TO SOME SEXUAL PRACTICES 1. Reproductive Consequences: [Demographic impact] Population size Population Equilibrium: Balance population & resources Some Examples: celibacy among priests and nuns [land fragmentation produces land poverty; celibacy reduces fertility rates; ], age of marriage [reduces # offspring], female education [more=later age of marriage=lower birth rate]; polygamy [multiple spouses: polyandry, polygyny]: affects female age of marriage & # of offspring male warriors [male expendability, reproductively] govt-religious policy on contraception & abortion [affects group population size, with political & economic consequences, including labor supply, political power blocks] forbidding and stigmatizing exclusive same-sex sex [homosexuality] controlling and mandating heterosexual marriage OTHER 2. Social Consequences Social Reproductive Impact Other social, economic, political, impacts e.g. Sambia Folk Theory of Male Development: justifies & enculturates next generation into male gender roles, including male bonding, fear of intimacy with women/wives, male dominance. American Folk Theory of Homosexuality: -stigmatize homosexuality to reinforce heterosexuality -reinforce gender ideology of gender polarization and biological essentialism -reinforce gender roles [prevent challenges to; androgyny] -reinforce the nuclear family & male head of household Anti-miscegenation laws [outlawing mating/marriage between races in the U.S.]: preserve markers of racial hierarchy; preserve race-based system of social stratification & inequality Loving Vs. Virginia, 1967, ruled such laws unconstitutional. Parental/Family control over marriage & mating [reproduces social system, including race, religious, ethnic, class hierarchy] Virginity: promotes marriage [with culturally defined linked roles, including provider-domestic/child care role] Women Control over their own Reproductive Decisions: [sexual autonomy; marriage optional for sex or children; Population Growth vs. ZPG [zero population growth] Political consequences of higher birth rates in a democracy Ecological consequences of higher birth rates, especially in higher consuming countries OTHER??? SUMMARY POINTS for Part II of the Course Social Control of Sexuality: Mating and Reproduction, for humans, becomes a societal not just an individual concern. Marriage, mating, reproduction become too important to leave to individuals. They have profound consequences for society, for reproduction and social reproduction. Society [and those with the most power within a society] control mating and reproductive processes and practices through various means, including new cultural inventions. Culture invents new social-behavioral products, institutions like marriage, family, kinship, and roles like husband, wife, cousin, uncle. Groups with power [ elders, political elites, high status groups, including religious institutions] control . New mental products emerge: ethnotheories and other beliefs, categories, labels, attitudes and values which explain, reinforce, and legitimize [justify, make legitimate and mandatory] sexually-related social-behavioral products. Sexual Beliefs and Practices do not exist or arise in a vacuum, by chance. They are embedded in a larger cultural system. This system includes: beliefs [ethnotheories, cultural models], social & physical environmental conditions, cultural institutions, especially religious institutions; and, importantly, power relations [including those based on gender, class, ethnicity/race/caste, religion, other communities, other status differences Individuals Engage in Sexual Activity for a Multiplicity of Reasons e.g. erotic focus, erotic sensation, reproduction, friendship, connection, obligation, intimacy, money, fear, to please others, love, power-domination, anger, political motivations, etc. Sexuality is a complex subject: any simple explanations of cultural practices, political issues [e.g. abortion, pre-marital sex, family values], or individual and group choices [sexual preference, marriage partners] are usually simplistic [that is, enormously over-simplified] e.g. SSS: Choice or Biological; Abortion: pro-choice vs. pro-life,     Part 2 Additional Summary Material Mukhopadhyay 2010  DATE \@ "M/d/yyyy" 11/7/2010  9:WqrA C E T j l   D F a ²xkxxkkxkxk^hi;G5CJOJQJaJhmz5CJOJQJaJh[Dho5CJOJQJaJhmz5CJOJQJaJh[D5CJOJQJaJh[Dhi;G5CJOJQJaJh[Dhi;G5CJOJQJaJh[Dhi;G5CJOJQJaJh[Dh[D5CJOJQJaJhmz5CJ$OJQJaJ$h5h[D5CJ$OJQJaJ$ 9:rD E   E F `'5`'H`'H`'H`'H`'8`'H`'x`'x`'x`'x`'x`'x`'x`'x/$d$%d$&d$'d$-D M N$O$P$Q$gdmz,$d$%d$&d$'d$-D M N$O$P$Q$ & F8^8$a$gd[Dgd F 4 5 f g m n `'x`'x`'x`'x`'xu`'HF`'Hu`'8/$d$%d$&d$'d$-D M N$O$P$Q$gd&/$$d$%d$&d$'d$-D M N$O$P$Q$a$,$d$%d$&d$'d$-D M N$O$P$Q$/$d$%d$&d$'d$-D M N$O$P$Q$gdmz 3 4 e f g l m n p { /0Ÿ~n^^^^N^N^^^NN^h[Dho5CJOJQJaJh[Dhi;G5CJOJQJaJh[Dhi;G5CJOJQJaJh[D5CJOJQJaJh[Dhi;G5CJOJQJaJh[Dh&5CJOJQJaJh&5CJOJQJaJhi;G5CJOJQJaJh[Dhmz5CJOJQJaJhi;G5CJOJQJaJhmz5CJOJQJaJh[Dhmz5CJOJQJaJn o p 3 Z `'H`'H`'H`'H`'H`'x`'8`'H`'`'H`'x`'H`'x`'x`'x`'8S/ & F$d$%d$&d$'d$-D M N$O$P$Q$,$d$%d$&d$'d$-D M N$O$P$Q$^ & F8^8QR2  234SµpcVcM;#h :hsP5CJOJQJ^JaJhsP5OJQJh55CJ$OJQJaJ$h^5CJ$OJQJaJ$h^h^5CJ$OJQJaJ$h55CJHOJQJh55CJOJQJ^Jh[Dh&5CJOJQJaJh&5CJOJQJaJhmz5CJOJQJaJhi;G5CJOJQJaJh[Dh>$5CJOJQJaJh[Dhi;G5CJOJQJaJh[Dho5CJOJQJaJR3f`'`'`'`'H`'8`'Hm`'x/$d$%d$&d$'d$-D M N$O$P$Q$gdmz2 & F$d$%d$&d$'d$-D M N$O$P$Q$gd[D/ & F$d$%d$&d$'d$-D M N$O$P$Q$ 34STU `'h`'H`'PS`'5`'p`' `'_`'_`'P;`'| `'`'p`'| `'0 & F dhgd : 8dh^8gdx & F dhgd : & F dhgd :dhgd :gd^^gd5gd5/$d$%d$&d$'d$-D M N$O$P$Q$gd&SU    )*IVhir/?m !#$&±РhmzjhmzU h :h :CJOJQJ^JaJ h :h^CJOJQJ^JaJ h :hxCJOJQJ^JaJhsPCJOJQJ^JaJhxCJOJQJ^JaJ h :hsPCJOJQJ^JaJ h :h\CJOJQJ^JaJ1 "#%&~`'p`'p`'P;`'p`'`'p`'p`'@`'p$a$gdhb dh^gd :dhgd :&68IJY[]^rs|}~ h :h^CJOJQJ^JaJhhmzhxCJaJmHnHujhhbhmzCJUaJhhbhmzCJOJQJaJhxCJaJhhbhmzCJaJ';0APBP/ =!"#$%8@8 Normal_HmH sH tH DAD Default Paragraph FontViV  Table Normal :V 44 la (k(No List 4@4 hbHeader  !4 @4 hbFooter  !2!z z!z z )9:rDEEF45fgmnop3ZR3f 3 4 S T U  &~000x0x 0x 0x0x000000x000000x000 000000 0 0000 0 000000 0  0 0 0  0  0  0 0x0000x00 0 0 0 0W  0W  00 0 00x000000l;00l;00l;00l;00H0l;009:rEFfgmno3ZR3n;00l;00l;00l;00l;00l;00*th6 n{00n;00n;00n;00n;00n;00l;00l;00l;00l;00n;0 0H,l;0 0l;0 0P0l;00n;00l;00l;00l;00l;00l;00l;00n;00l;00l;00n;00n;00 eeeeeh S& F n CXbh8@0(  B S  ?ܺ/ "m <L((,,9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsState9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplace?*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags stocktickerB*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagscountry-region FJ * 7 EHFT5@BL W]::::::::::::::::4\ee3 3 ) * * V h i m "#%&68Y[]} xۚ5X8ڡLy?OtÀ:bWjI\Ha h0b bf:my꨾*@hh^h`56>*CJ8OJQJo(. @h ^`OJQJo(@ @ ^@ `OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hHPP^P`OJQJo(hH  ^ `OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH@h h^h`OJQJo(^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hH^`o(.   ^ `hH.  L ^ `LhH. xx^x`hH. HH^H`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH.@h^`56>*CJ8OJQJo(. @h,^,`56>*CJ8OJQJo(. h  ^ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh| | ^| `OJQJo(hHhLL^L`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHhpp^p`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHhPP^P`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh  ^ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hH |qqbWI\Ha5X8OLy?b bmyw}q`h@h h^h`OJQJo(q @h@^@`CJOJQJo(                 J%                                   y^>$x% :i;GsPhbYg'mNqUztmz\5AJFt)GM$& ol[Dx@HP DeskJet 722CLPT1:winspoolHP DeskJet 722CHP DeskJet 722C,LetterDINU"p$@$pSMTJ`HP DeskJet 722CInputBinFORMSOURCERESDLLUniresDLLPSAlignmentFileHPV700ALPSHelpFileHPVDJ200ScpDllNameHPVSCP50ScpDatDllNameHPVDB720OrientationPORTRAITPaperSizeLETTERResolutionr300x300MediaTypeSTANDARDPQEconoPMPlainEconoMonoColorModeMonoHPHTDLLNameHPVIMG50$$$$HP DeskJet 722C,LetterDINU"p$@$pSMTJ`HP DeskJet 722CInputBinFORMSOURCERESDLLUniresDLLPSAlignmentFileHPV700ALPSHelpFileHPVDJ200ScpDllNameHPVSCP50ScpDatDllNameHPVDB720OrientationPORTRAITPaperSizeLETTERResolutionr300x300MediaTypeSTANDARDPQEconoPMPlainEconoMonoColorModeMonoHPHTDLLNameHPVIMG50$$$$4 3QHP(?o%AMERICAN FOLK THEORY OF HOMOSEXUALITYCarol Mukhopadhyay4         Oh+'0 ,8 T ` l x(AMERICAN FOLK THEORY OF HOMOSEXUALITYCarolNormalMukhopadhyay4Microsoft Word 10.0@q@\@~|@0 [~՜.+,0  px  S.J.S.UR &AMERICAN FOLK THEORY OF HOMOSEXUALITY Title  !"#$%&'()*+,-./012345689:;<=>@ABCDEFIRoot Entry F@y~K1Table9WordDocument)2SummaryInformation(7DocumentSummaryInformation8?CompObjj  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q