ࡱ> ?A> @ bjbjVV ",r<r<He6 6 6 8n  $z(2  '''''''$)R+Z( ( 4(T  ''%' [*t6 u&'J(0z(&X,tX,('X,'` "   (( 6 td6 140 Maasai Women, Summary of Key Features Background: Location: No.Tanzania & Kenya Pastoralists: [subsistence is based on cattle herding] Small-Scale Society [vs. complex] Patrilineal: descent [kinship group affiliation] & inheritance through Father: father to offspring to sons offspring Polygyny Patrilocal: married couple goes to live with grooms family [in their household or village] Patriarchalmale-dominated Patrifocal: social focus and social organization is male-focused. Relevance of Film to This Course and This Section of the Course 1. Illustrate Cultural Variability in How cultures regulate sexuality Different Cultural Models [and Ethnotheories] of Marriage, Human Development, Wealth, Romantic Love 2. Introduce Explanatory Frameworks for Cultural Regulation of Sexuality Reproduction Social Reproduction 3. Introduce universal or near-universal cultural purposes of marriage: establishes ownership [control] over the offspring of women [which may or may not include sexual rights over] Maasai Cultural Models in Film: 1) Marriage, Family, Sexuality [pre-marital & extra-marital sex], romantic love, households, family and relatives [see below for details] 2) Human Development; Females: pre-puberty, puberty [circumcision, marriage], motherhood, older woman [mo-in-law]. Sex: pre-marital, marital & extra-marital Males: pre-puberty, puberty [circumcision], Warrior stage [>30], Marriage & Elderhood [acquire wealth]. Sexual activity: premarital, marital 3) Wealth: humans [women, children]; cattle Households: Patrilineal Kinship system [for childrens kingroup membership; inheritance, etc] Maasai Cultural Model of Marriage: goal not intimacy, not about romantic love, best friend, even sex, but about male access to wealth in human resources: women, children. Goal: many Descendants [as well as alliances!]. Note: males control marriages and offspring Marriage: establishes Rights/Ownership over a womans offspring. A Contract! Patrilineal Descent: Ws offspring belong to H and Hs family/kinship group 2 Puzzles no longer Puzzles: no pregnancy until married; lovers after marriage Marriage before pregnancy prevents confusion/conflict over ownership of Fs offspring. After marriage, Ws Hs family gets offspring. Biological paternity not really important! [why?...why should it be?]. BUT: Why would a womans family give away her offspring??? Form alliances; get compensation [cattle] which can be used to marry off unmarried males. Bridewealth: Exchange at marriage. Hs family gives wealth/valuables [cattle] to Ws family [cattle]. Partially compensates for loss of her offspring & her labor. Family uses to marry off their sons! Cross-culturally, other types of exchanges occur at marriage, but this is most common Alternative: Dowry: Ws family gives valuables to Hs family Patrifocal System: social system centered around men and specifically male-focused kinship groups and households Household: W -> Hs family -> Extended Family: multi-generational, large, related males live together; wives come from another group E.g. Maasai young woman went to Hs village after marriage to live with his family. This is very common cross-culturally. Alternative Household Patterns Cross-culturally: H -> Ws family: matrilocal extended family e.g. Iroquois among North American Indians Nuclear Family: Another pattern [e.g. U.S.]: H&W establish separate household. Nuclear family rather than extended family. Patrilineal Descent: children belong to the Father and his kinship group [FF, FB, FZ, BZ, Bs, FSS & FSD children, etc.] for major social, economic, political purposes [e.g. usually inheritance]. Descent is traced thru the male line.males offspring Alternative descent reckoning systems: Matrilineal Descent: children belong to their Mothers family; descent is traced thru women, through the female line: [MM, MB, MZ, etc] Our system [Bilateral Descent]: children belong to both sides equally, as reflected in kinship labels, GF, GM, Uncle, Aunt, regardless of whether maternal or paternal side. Other Related Points: Hazing of Young Bride: Insults. life-stage transitions, rites of passage, including hazing for new members; signifies major transition & new person coming into group; Insults reflect culturally important issues [e.g. stealing vs. sharing; H has no cows only pumpkins; hyenas will get you [dependency on group?]; Romantic Love and Arranged Marriages can both exist in a culture Polygyny: benefits to Wives; to Husbands; how manage, demographically! To Think About: impact of this form of marriage, household and family/descent on other pieces of the social system: preference for daughters vs. sons, child-care, which relationships wives cultivate, other attitudes about sexuality, male-male marriages, same-sex sex vs. same-sex marriage     Mukhopadhyay 2010, 140 Maasai Film Lessons summary  DATE \@ "M/d/yyyy" 10/25/2010 )8' 1 + , ! st*5Z]^>@ÿ߿߿߿߿߿߫h&Sh5 h5 h7yhhh5 h7yhG5 h&S5h&Shhu"hXhu"5hXhX5h?ghXhAxhG5hffh7y h7yh7y h7y5h7yh7y58*+78V( 1 , - S s " / C D !!!!!!!!!!H!Ճ!!!H!H!!!Ճ & Fgd&Sgdu" & Fgdu" & Fgdu"H ! 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