ࡱ> WYV5@ bjbj22 @XX #4222h4VVVVV111****/*s/4$6R8C411C4VVX4RVV**"|%Bz'VJ DdK2v&'n404&|9lv|9,z'|9z'X1>o,$111C4C4d22 AMERICAN FOLK THEORY OF HOMOSEXUALITY "NORMAL""HOMOSEXUAL"BIOLOGICAL SEXmfmfGENDER IDENTITYmff mGENDER ROLESmffmEROTIC PREFERENCEfmmfSEXUAL BEHAVIORfmm*f**UNLESS REPRESSED SAMBIA FOLK THEORY OF SEXUALITY "NORMAL""RUBBISH MAN"BIOLOGICAL SEXmfMGENDER IDENTITYGENDER ROLESmfF?EROTIC PREFERENCE???SEXUAL BEHAVIORM-> fm1 SEX AMERICAN FOLK THEORY VS. SAMBIAN FOLK THEORY OF OF HOMOSEXUALITY SEXUALTIY 2 labeled categories of people: "homosexual" "heterosexual" Who you ARE vs. what you DO Gender "Identity" Permanent vs. Situational Not a choiceFlaw in Developmental process genetic or hormonal Freud's stages in acquisition of "core gender identity" incl. family causes: "weak or absent father, domineering mother" APPLYING FRAMEWORKS TO SOME SEXUAL PRACTICES 1. Reproductive Consequences: [Demographic impact] Population size Population Equilibrium: Balance population & resources e.g. celibacy among priests and nuns [land fragmentation produces land poverty; celibacy reduces fertility rates; ], age of marriage [reduces # offspring], female education [more=later age of marriage=lower birth rate]; polygamy [multiple spouses: polyandry, polygyny], male warriors [male expendability, reproductively], govt-religious policy on contraception & abortion [affects group population size, with political & economic consequences] attitudes towards extra-marital sex, etc. 2. Social Consequences Social Reproductive Impact Other social, economic, political, impacts e.g. Sambia Folk Theory of Male Development [sss] American Folk Theory of Homosexuality: -stigmatize homosexuality to reinforce heterosexuality -reinforce gender ideology of gender polarization and biological essentialism -reinforce gender roles [prevent challenges to; androgyny] -reinforce the nuclear family & male head of household "racial "miscegenation" laws [preserve markers of racial hierarchy; preserve race-based system of social stratification & inequality] Loving Vs. Virginia, 1967, ruled such laws unconstitutional. Parental/Family control over marriage & mating [reproduces social system, including race, religious, ethnic, class hierarchy] Virginity: promotes marriage [with culturally defined linked roles, including provider-domestic/child care role] Women Control over their own Reproductive Decisions: [sexual autonomy; marriage optional for sex or children; Population Growth vs. ZPG [zero population growth] Political consequences of higher birth rates in a democracy Ecological consequences of higher birth rates, especially in higher consuming countries Mukhopadhyay 2009, Same Sex Sex (QYjs# + ; @ M V h p x y z { ·ujh[D5CJHOJQJhi;G5CJ(OJQJhi;G5CJOJQJhi;G5CJHOJQJhi;G5CJ$OJQJhi;G5CJ(OJQJhi;G5CJ4OJQJhi;G5CJ4OJQJhi;Ghi;GCJHOJQJh8 5CJOJQJh8 5CJ4OJQJh8 5CJ4OJQJh8 5CJHOJQJh8 '()2?@ABQSUe~kd$$Iflr,G5C@  H]4 la $IfgdbA$-D M a$gd8  UWYZjlnqsukd$$IflrD%,@Pb4 la $IfgdbAst~uuuuu $IfgdbAkd9$$IflrD%,@Pb4 la~uuuuu $IfgdbAkd$$IflrD%,@Pb4 la~uuuuu $IfgdbAkdi$$IflrD%,@Pb4 la~uiiui $$Ifa$gdbA $IfgdbAkd$$IflrD%,@Pb4 la    ~||oiiiiii$If $-D M a$kd$$IflrD%,@Pb4 la   # % ' ) * {uuuuu$Ifkd1$$Iflr, <K@ [   K4 la* + ; < = > ? {uuuuu$Ifkd$$Iflr#(@`K#4 la? @ M O Q T U {uuuuu$Ifkde$$Iflr#(@`K#4 laU V h j l n o {uuuuu$Ifkd$$Iflr#(@`K#4 lao p {uuuuu$Ifkd$$Iflr#(@`K#4 la {ullll $$Ifa$$IfkdH$$Iflr#(@`K#4 la 6 s t {yobTOJO & F & F & F-D M  $-D M a$ -D M kd$$Iflr#(@`K#4 lat 6 K x y z * 2 3 ,$d$%d$&d$'d$-D M N$O$P$Q$$a$gd[D^ & F8^8 & F & F{ ) 8 W  O t 5}%$IJ*²x²hh[Dh>$5CJOJQJaJh[D5CJOJQJaJh[Dho5CJOJQJaJh[D5CJOJQJaJh[Dhi;G5CJOJQJaJh[Dhi;G5CJOJQJaJh[Dhi;G5CJOJQJaJh[Dh[D5CJOJQJaJh[D5CJ(OJQJaJ(h[Dh[D5CJ(OJQJaJ((3 5P|}~^ & F8^8/$$d$%d$&d$'d$-D M N$O$P$Q$a$,$d$%d$&d$'d$-D M N$O$P$Q$ ZJ+^,$d$%d$&d$'d$-D M N$O$P$Q$/ & F$d$%d$&d$'d$-D M N$O$P$Q$ $a$gdO^gd[D2 & F$d$%d$&d$'d$-D M N$O$P$Q$gd[D*hOhOhOCJaJhOhOCJOJQJaJh)5OJQJh)5CJHOJQJh[Dhi;G5CJOJQJaJ+&P;0APBP/ =!"#$%. 0&P;0APBP/ =!"#$%1&P:p7;0APBP/ =!"#$%$$If!vh5@5 5 5H5]#v@#v #v #vH#v]:V l5@5 5 5H5]4$$If!vh5@555P5b#v@#v#vP#vb:V l5@55P5b4$$If!vh5@555P5b#v@#v#vP#vb:V l5@55P5b4$$If!vh5@555P5b#v@#v#vP#vb:V l5@55P5b4$$If!vh5@555P5b#v@#v#vP#vb:V l5@55P5b4$$If!vh5@555P5b#v@#v#vP#vb:V l5@55P5b4$$If!vh5@555P5b#v@#v#vP#vb:V l5@55P5b4$$If!vh5@5 5[ 5 5 #v@#v #v[ #v :V lK5@5 5[ 5 4$$If!vh5@555`5#v@#v#v#v`#v:V lK#5@555`54$$If!vh5@555`5#v@#v#v#v`#v:V lK#5@555`54$$If!vh5@555`5#v@#v#v#v`#v:V lK#5@555`54$$If!vh5@555`5#v@#v#v#v`#v:V lK#5@555`54$$If!vh5@555`5#v@#v#v#v`#v:V lK#5@555`54$$If!vh5@555`5#v@#v#v#v`#v:V lK#5@555`548@8 Normal_HmH sH tH DAD Default Paragraph FontVi@V  Table Normal :V 44 la (k(No List 4@4 OHeader  !4 @4 OFooter  ! @-@]@()2?@ABQSUWYZjlnqst #%')*+;<=>?@MOQTUVhjlnop6st6Kxyz*235P|}~ZJ + ^   00@0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 00@0@0 @0 @0@0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0@0@0L0L0@ 0L0@ 0L0@ 0 L0@ 0L0@ 0@ 0@ 0@0@0@0@0000 0 0000 0 00000 0  0 0 00  0  0 00000 0  0  0 0  0 0  0 0 0 @00 ))"""""""""""""""""%{ * Us * ? 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