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' +    /13698r$H@~!$Y,ķiR$G.+LSƱ0ZvXir$߿ߝXoifYr$g\Oy Ekib$%~VpW18a\+b$c?N?Aq4:5'$b$$u[e*Q\#R$vv>1w\iȑðO69$R$cg^[KYxMG: <AA @8 R ʚ;lf8ʚ;g4idid8 0ppp@ <4!d!d w 0T@<4dddd w 0T@<4BdBd w 0T@0___PPT10 ___PPT9nu=!BWk@~PNG  IHDRF} PLTE3:tRNS@f cmPPJCmp0712Om9IDATc``b $<&40(Zжj˂AtM iIENDB`/ 0>*?F+ 21: Measurement & SamplingOh;>1 & 2. Measurement and Sampling HS 167 01: Measurement and Sampling-JWhat is biostatistics? What is measurement? How do we sample populations?KKD,HS 167 LogisticsrSyllabus: materials (text, lab workbook, calculator) Calendar and assignments are on www.sjsu.edu/biostat ! click HS167 (become familiar with Web site) Exam1 = 10/9, Exam2 = 11/13, Final = Thur 12/13 2:45 Lab 0 and Lab 1 (Tu and We lab may have additional time to complete Lab 1) Text (reading): pp. 1  10, 15  19 (note vocabulary on p. 11) Exercises: 1.1  1.6, 1.8, 1.9, 2.1  2.3, 2.11  2.13 [due at beginning of next lecture] Yahoo group: send email to hs167-F07-subscribe@yahoogroups.com Academic integrity (do your own work) Odd-numbered exercises and lab work ! OK to get help from friends Even numbered exercises & exams ! do NOT get help from friends How to get a good grade: Attend all classes and labs (attendance required) Stay on task Read text (listed to Nancy) Do Lab & HWs diligently Do not cut cornerspPPgPPPP *# !     #$#< # $$((((,,:VT #J 0Vj 0 Biostatistics ('is not merely a compilation of computational techniques is a way of learning from data is concerned with all many elements of study design and analysis (not just computations) requires more judgment than math (pay attention to vocabulary) is statistics applied to biological and health problems(Z2? 5Biostatistics involves $6ltA data detective element Uncovering patterns and clues This is a combination of exploratory data analysis (EDA) and descriptive statistics A data judge element Confirmation of clues This often requires inferential methodsr>  7 *     Measurement ^Measurement a"  assigning of numbers and codes according to prior-set rules Three types of statistical measurements: Categorical a" classify observations into named (nominal) categories e.g., HIV classified as  positive or  negative Ordinal a" ranked categories e.g., OPINION ranked 5 = strongly agree, 4 = agree, 3 = neutral, and so on Quantitative a" numbers with equal spacing e.g., AGE in years e.g., BLOOD_PRESSURE in mm Hg u0 PdZF0 PdZ10 PdZ0 PdZK0 PdZ+0 PdZ10 PdZ #g  #9(#      >   $$(#(,,00000000 005$6Illustrative Example: Weight Change and Heart Disease&7( $<Goal: to determine the effect of weight change on coronary heart disease risk 115,818 women 30- to 55-years of age, free of CHD Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) determined at entry to study Body weight determined as of age 18 Subjects followed for 14 years Number of CHD onsets (fatal and nonfatal) counted (1292 cases)n=ZNB 9(Illustrative Example (cont.)$  Smoker or nonsmoker Family history of heart disease (yes or no) Non-smoker, light-smoker, moderate smoker, heavy smoker BMI (kgs/m3) Age (years) Weight presently Weight at age 18dx 3Z; Z@8 0Variable, Value, Observation( P(6ltPObservation the unit upon which measurements are made Can be an individual (e.g., a person) Can be an aggregate of individuals (e.g., a region) Variable the generic thing we measure e.g., AGE of a person e.g., HIV status of a person Value a realized measurement e.g., 27 e.g., positive P8 Pd[ Pd( Pd3 Pd Pd Pd *[ 3  Data Structure (Forms)( P% ."U.S. Census Form(Data Structure (Table)( P%;*;Illustrative Example: Cigarette Consumption and Lung Cancer(< P<! Data Quality zAn analysis is only as good as its data GIGO a" garbage in, garbage out Does a variable measure what it purports to? Validity = freedom from systematic error Objectivity = seeing things as they are without making it conform to your worldview Discussion on avoiding bias when questioning e.g., consider the word  jam v}K.#G   +   F  K/#Ethos: Which do you choose? (:)Truth Versus Perception )! 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Dx @c Rectangle: Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level"%p0u   W#Click to edit Master subtitle style$ $ Ex 6g "``  D*  Fx 6l "`   F*  Gx 6p "`   F* H x 0޽h ?/ >xBx @Eff؂oy___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 zr8 (  8 8 0 P    V*    8 0ª     X*   d 8 c $ ?   8 0Ū  @  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth levelS S 8 6ɪ `P   V*    8 6`Ϊ `   X*   H 8 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.90:0 DP(  D 0 0 P    D*   0 0     F*   0 6( `P   D*   0 6 `   F*  H D 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.9;`s 0 0|*(  |x | c ${CxP0   r | S |Dx%p0u   H | 0޽h ? @Eff؂oy___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +Q  0 P(  r  S *?t     S +@t 0<$ 0  H  0޽h ? @Eff؂oOO___PPT10fO..@+[W_DN' ,= @B DN' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DP' =%(D' =%(D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*6%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*6D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*6D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*6D' =%(D' =%(D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*6%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*6D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*6D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*6D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*X%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*XD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*XD' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*XD' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*X%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*XD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*XD' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*XDP' =%(D' =%(D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*D' =%(DH' =%(D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*[%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*[D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*[D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*[D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*[%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*[D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*[D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*[D' =%(D@' =%(D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*'%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*'D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*'D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*'D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*':%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*':D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*':D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*':+8+0+0 +  0L0 pH$(  Hr H S ?t   r H S @t0  H H 0޽h ? @Eff؂oy___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   0 p\P(  \r \ S <?t    \ S 9@t0<$ 0  H \ 0޽h ? @Eff؂o___PPT10.+FDV' := @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(DH' =%(D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*\%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*\D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*\D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*\D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*\7%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*\7D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*\7D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*\7D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*\7%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*\7D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*\7D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*\7D' =%(DH' =%(D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*\%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*\D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*\D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*\D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*\%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*\D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*\D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*\D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*\%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*\D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*\D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*\+8+0+\0 +.  0 hP(  hr h S I?t    h S J@t0<$ 0  H h 0޽h ? @Eff؂o,,___PPT10,.+[W_DN,' K= @B D ,' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DP' =%(D' =%(D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*hL%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*hLD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*hLD' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*hLD%' =%(D%' =%(D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*hLu%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*hLuD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*hLuD' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*hLuD' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*hu%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*huD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*huD' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*huD' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*h%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*hD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*hD' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*hD' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*h %(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*h D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*h D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*h D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*h T%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*h TD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*h TD' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*h TD' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*hT%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*hTD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*hTD' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*hTD' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*h%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*hD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*hD' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*hD' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*h%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*hD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*hD' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*h+8+0+h0 +  0 @ P(      C x\gֳgֳ ??t   x   c $h]@t0@     B0b RSource: Willett et al., 1995 H   0޽h ? 33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0F+ 21: Measurement & Sampling wop (    C xpsgֳgֳ ??t     3 rvgֳgֳ ?@t@@<$ 0    T@xgֳgֳ?  ,$ 0 B Quantitative    C x|gֳgֳ? ?pj,$ 0 ; Categorical   Tgֳgֳ?`  = Variables      C xp~gֳgֳ? ?@` ,$ 0 ;OrdinalH  0޽h ? 33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0F+ 21: Measurement & Sampling -$(  lr l S \?t   r l S @t0  H l 0޽h ? @Eff؂oy___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   0F+ 21: Measurement & Sampling   \. (  \r  S @?t   @  C c L  c $A! @  C  :  3 P1 e 2  05  Data Collection Form Var1 (ID) 1 Var2 (AGE) 27 Var3 (SEX) F Var4 (HIV) Y Var5 (KAPOSISARC) Y Var6 (REPORTDATE) 4/25/89 Var7 (OPPORTUNIS) N                fBCDEF@@"   6 " E Observation 3  fBCDEF@@J NJ  6\ V E Observation 4  fBCDEF&@)   68  E Observation 1  fBCDEF&@N N  6( C E Observation 2H \ 0޽h ? @Eff؂oy___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0F+ 21: Measurement & Sampling xP(  r  S pӬ?t   ^  6A?'H  0޽h ? @Eff؂oy___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0F+ 21: Measurement & Sampling    X(  Xr  S `ج?t   F  qc # Pp  $ 0٬ qc LID AGE SEX HIV KAPOSISARC REPORTDATE OPPORTUNIS --- --- --- --- ---------- ---------- ---------- 1 27 F Y Y 04/25/89 N 2 30 F Y N 09/11/89 Y 3 21 F Y Y 01/12/89 N 4 30 M Y Y 10/08/89 Y  B % 3 ]$ X B & 3   ' `BFCDEFF@ \  ( `BCDEF@% %  ) `BCDEF@ * D  * 6[   C Observation  + 6    @Variable  , 60   =Valueb - 0X"` p,$D 0 lObservations ! rows Variables ! columns Values ! cells87( 2 )H X 0޽h ? @Eff؂o___PPT10+aiD' = @B DD' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*-%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*-D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*-+8+0+-0 +  0F+ 21: Measurement & Sampling WO$(  $x $ c $T?t   )  $ 0"` 0@,,$D 0 CNote: Unit of observation in this data set are regions (not people)(D( 2C^ $ 6A?p :  $ 0"`` @ ,$D 0 Variables: country = name of country/region cig1930 = per capita cigarette consumption, 1930 mortalit = lung cancer deaths per 100,000 in 1950* 2 ]*H $ 0޽h ? @Eff؂o  ___PPT10 +]D ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* $%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* $D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* $D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*$%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*$D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*$+p+0+ $0 ++0+$0 +m  0 $(  r  S ?t   r  S @t0  H  0޽h ? @Eff؂oy___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 =5 T(  Tr  S 0&?t   `  C 8A OnBullshitCover  ^  6A?0  j  0<( j The difference is intention and method: BS has a predetermined outcome. Truth is earnest in its intent and does not bend the facts to a predetermined outcome.P 2Q,  01 ? +  /Blackburn, S. (2005). Truth. Oxford Univ. Press60 2     0d7   @Frankfurt, H. G. (2005). On Bullshit. Princeton University Press6A 2   H T 0޽h ? @Eff؂oy___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0  c(   r   S `A?t      0B`  ;I cannot give any scientist of any age any better advice than this: The intensity of the conviction that a hypothesis is true has no bearing on whether it is true or not. Peter Medawar 1915-1987 \    N   C &A  plato@<T   0K   Plato s Allegory of the Cave We observe shadows on the wall. The truth lies outside.0U 27\   C 4A medawar_p_01 [H   0޽h ? @Eff؂oy___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +m  0 0P$(  Pr  S U?t   r  S U@t 0@  H P 0޽h ? @Eff؂oy___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +}  0 `$(  `r ` S b?t   r ` S c@t00  H ` 0޽h ? @Eff؂o___PPT10i.9F+D=' = @B +y  0 0(  r  S  u?t   ~  s *u@t0S  H  0޽h ? @Eff؂oy___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +Y  0 x(  r  S L?t   r  S $@t0     Bp"` # d$You will take a SRS in lab this week$% wn%H  0޽h ? @Eff؂oy___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 l(  lX l C 8    l S ڪ8 @    H l 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10. D0n ( 0 `(  X  C 8     S 8 @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.r@~r1fA_n{/UGX eO)+ . cć5%J9@MuC>A@ rC D1^A( >< Z  z(www.sjsu.edu/biostat6http://   On-screen Show Times New RomanTahoma WingdingsArial Courier NewWP TypographicSymbolsSymbolMS Reference 1 Blueprint1: Measurement and SamplingHS 167 LogisticsBiostatistics Biostatistics involves Measurement7Illustrative Example: Weight Change and Heart DiseaseIllustrative Example (cont.)Variable, Value, ObservationData Structure (Forms)U.S. Census FormData Structure (Table)<Illustrative Example: Cigarette Consumption and Lung Cancer Data QualityEthos: Which do you choose? Truth Versus Perception" Two Types of Statistical StudiesSampling for a SurveySimple Random Sample (SRS) SRS Method  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide TitlesD 8@ _PID_HLINKSA http://www.sjsu.edu/biostat+mailto:hs167-F07-subscribe@yahoogroups.com$_ 0Bud GerstmanBud Gerstman՜.+,D՜.+,l(   On-screen Show Times New RomanTahoma WingdingsArial Courier NewWP TypographicSymbolsSymbolMS Reference 1 Blueprint1: Measurement and SamplingHS 167 LogisticsBiostatistics Biostatistics involves Measurement7Illustrative Example: Weight Change and Heart DiseaseIllustrative Example (cont.)Variable, Value, ObservationData Structure (Forms)U.S. Census FormData Structure (Table)<Illustrative Example: Cigarette Consumption and Lung Cancer Data QualityEthos: Which do you choose? Truth Versus Perception" Two Types of Statistical StudiesSampling for a SurveySimple Random Sample (SRS) SRS Method  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide TitlesD 8@ _PID_HLINKSA http://www.sjsu.edu/biostat+mailto:hs167-F07-subscribe@yahoogroups.com$_6 0Bud GerstmanBud Gerstman  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\}^_{~Root EntrydO)S%4PicturesCurrent UserDSummaryInformation(HPowerPoint Document(DocumentSummaryInformation8]www.sjsu.edu/biostatTmailto:hs167-F07-subscribe@yahoogroups.comTmailto:hs167-F07-subscribe@yahoogroups.comr/ 0`DTimes New RomanTTdܖ 0ܖDTahomaew RomanTTdܖ 0ܖ DWingdingsRomanTTdܖ 0ܖ0DArialngsRomanTTdܖ 0ܖ@DCourier NewmanTTdܖ 0ܖ1PDWP TypographicSymbolsܖ 0ܖ`DSymbolgraphicSymbolsܖ 0ܖpDMS Reference 1ymbolsܖ 0ܖ| A.  >?" dd@,@n?" dd@  @@`` `k#DHH:DH(.  ! ' +    /13698r$H@~!$Y,ķiR$G.+LSƱ0ZvXir$߿ߝXoifYr$g\Oy Ekib$%~VpW18a\+b$c?N?Aq4:5'$b$$u[e*Q\#R$vv>1w\iȑðO69$R$cg^[KYxMG: <AA @8 R ʚ;lf8ʚ;g4idid8 0ppp@ <4!d!d w 0T@<4dddd w 0T@<4BdBd w 0T@0___PPT10 ___PPT9nu=!BWk@~PNG  IHDRF} PLTE3:tRNS@f cmPPJCmp0712Om9IDATc``b $<&40(Zжj˂AtM iIENDB`/ 0>*?F+ 21: Measurement & SamplingOh;>1 & 2. Measurement and Sampling HS 167 01: Measurement and Sampling-JWhat is biostatistics? What is measurement? How do we sample populations?KKD,HS 167 LogisticsrSyllabus: materials (text, lab workbook, calculator) Calendar and assignments are on www.sjsu.edu/biostat ! click HS167 (become familiar with Web site) Exam1 = 10/9, Exam2 = 11/13, Final = Thur 12/13 2:45 Lab 0 and Lab 1 (Tu and We lab may have additional time to complete Lab 1) Text (reading): pp. 1  10, 15  19 (note vocabulary on p. 11) Exercises: 1.1  1.6, 1.8, 1.9, 2.1  2.3, 2.11  2.13 [due at beginning of next lecture] Yahoo group: send email to hs167-F07-subscribe@yahoogroups.com Academic integrity (do your own work) Odd-numbered exercises and lab work ! OK to get help from friends Even numbered exercises & exams ! do NOT get help from friends How to get a good grade: Attend all classes and labs (attendance required) Stay on task Read text (listed to Nancy) Do Lab & HWs diligently Do not cut cornerspPPgPPPP *# !     #$#< # $$((((,,:VT #J 0Vj 0 Biostatistics ('is not merely a compilation of computational techniques is a way of learning from data is concerned with all many elements of study design and analysis (not just computations) requires more judgment than math (pay attention to vocabulary) is statistics applied to biological and health problems(Z2? 5Biostatistics involves $6ltA data detective element Uncovering patterns and clues This is a combination of exploratory data analysis (EDA) and descriptive statistics A data judge element Confirmation of clues This often requires inferential methodsr>  7 *     Measurement ^Measurement a"  assigning of numbers and codes according to prior-set rules Three types of statistical measurements: Categorical a" classify observations into named (nominal) categories e.g., HIV classified as  positive or  negative Ordinal a" ranked categories e.g., OPINION ranked 5 = strongly agree, 4 = agree, 3 = neutral, and so on Quantitative a" numbers with equal spacing e.g., AGE in years e.g., BLOOD_PRESSURE in mm Hg u0 PdZF0 PdZ10 PdZ0 PdZK0 PdZ+0 PdZ10 PdZ #g  #9(#      >   $$(#(,,00000000 005$6Illustrative Example: Weight Change and Heart Disease&7( $<Goal: to determine the effect of weight change on coronary heart disease risk 115,818 women 30- to 55-years of age, free of CHD Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) determined at entry to study Body weight determined as of age 18 Subjects followed for 14 years Number of CHD onsets (fatal and nonfatal) counted (1292 cases)n=ZNB 9(Illustrative Example (cont.)$  Smoker or nonsmoker Family history of heart disease (yes or no) Non-smoker, light-smoker, moderate smoker, heavy smoker BMI (kgs/m3) Age (years) Weight presently Weight at age 18dx 3Z; Z@8 0Variable, Value, Observation( P(6ltPObservation the unit upon which measurements are made Can be an individual (e.g., a person) Can be an aggregate of individuals (e.g., a region) Variable the generic thing we measure e.g., AGE of a person e.g., HIV status of a person Value a realized measurement e.g., 27 e.g., positive P8 Pd[ Pd( Pd3 Pd Pd Pd *[ 3  Data Structure (Forms)( P% ."U.S. Census Form(Data Structure (Table)( P%;*;Illustrative Example: Cigarette Consumption and Lung Cancer(< P<! Data Quality zAn analysis is only as good as its data GIGO a" garbage in, garbage out Does a variable measure what it purports to? Validity = freedom from systematic error Objectivity = seeing things as they are without making it conform to your worldview Discussion on avoiding bias when questioning e.g., consider the word  jam v}K.#G   +   F  K/#Ethos: Which do you choose? (:)Truth Versus Perception )! Two Types of Statistical Studies""(Surveys  quantify population characteristics e.g., % of population that is overweight e.g., expected life span Comparative Studies  determine relationships between variables e.g., relationship between weight gain and heart disease risk e.g., relationship between alcohol consumption and esophageal cancer risk We start by considering survey sampling .PBP@PP)PP%B-  )@+Sampling for a Survey/We seldom (if never) study an entire population Take a subset (sample) of the population Use characteristics of the sample to infer population characteristics Select a probability sample chance determines which individuals are selected Avoid non-probability samples Discuss volunteer bias as an exampleZ1ZZ%Z?  %$1 %  +Simple Random Sample (SRS)NSRS (definition) = every possible sample from the population has the same probability this is the most basic type of probability sample SRSs have sampling independence selection of one individual does not influence selection of any other SRSs can be done with replacement or without replacement (both methods are usually valid) Sampling fraction = n N = probability of selection where n sample size N population sizelVP2Z!PFPP$PV1 F  5"" ,  SRS Method $Compile census listing (sampling frame) individuals numbered: 1, 2, . . ., N Generate n random numbers between 1 and N Can be done with random number generator (lab) or with table of random digits Select individuals based on random number list(Z%Z*ZNZ/Z(# N  //8ACrZ6D1 Oh+'0HP| $Unit 1: Measurement and samplingPC:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Templates\Presentation Designs\Blueprint.potBud Gerstman98@e@D%4՜.+,D՜.+,l(